Data Center Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Data Center Design - Research Paper Example Before designing the air cooled system, the amount of heat produced must be quantified. This is either in calories, joules, Tons or BTU. To determine the heat output of the system, the total quantity of heat produced by the hardware and their components when fully functional must be quantified. This hardware components include the Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS), the Information Technology Equipment, lighting and people working in the data center building. As it had been stated earlier, some of the hardware equipment to be used in the data center are NetApp 2050, HP C7000 Blade enclosure, and KVM. Each of this equipment has different minimum ventilation requirements. To install HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are several minimum requirements. For good efficiency of HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are different rack requirements. According to HP C7000 Blade enclosure documentation (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 2010), HP C7000 Blade enclosure is optimized to work with 1000 0 series racks. Thus to facilitate adequate airflow and to allow for servicing, the spatial requirements below are considered. †¢Ã‚  A clearance of approximately 0.635 meters is left at the front part of the rack†¢Ã‚  At the back, a clearance of 0.762 meters is left to facilitate †¢Ã‚  In case of multiple racks, approximately 1.219 meters is left between the back of one rack and the rear of the adjacent racks. The design of HP C7000 Blade enclosure is in such a way that cool air is drawn into the system from the front part to cool the system.... Room ventilation The data center is composed of servers, routers, switches, among other hardware. All this are electronic devices which produces heat. This heat if not well eliminated, can destroy the electronic components in the hardware contained in the data center. Air – cooled systems are mostly used in data centers since most of the equipment are air – cooled. In this project, considering the number of hardware used and the software run on the systems, an air cooled system will be efficient. Before designing the air cooled system, the amount of heat produced must be quantified. This is either in calories, joules, Tons or BTU. To determine the heat output of the system, the total quantity of heat produced by the hardware and their components when fully functional must be quantified. This hardware components include the Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS), the Information Technology Equipment, lighting and people working in the data center building. As it had been s tated earlier, some of the hardware equipment to be used in the data center are NetApp 2050, HP C7000 Blade enclosure, and KVM. Each of this equipment has different minimum ventilation requirements. To install HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are several minimum requirements. For good efficiency of HP C7000 Blade enclosure, there are different rack requirements. According to HP C7000 Blade enclosure documentation (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 2010), HP C7000 Blade enclosure is optimized to work with 10000 series racks. Thus to facilitate adequate airflow and to allow for servicing, the spatial requirements below are considered. A clearance of approximately 0.635 meters is left at the front part of the rack At the back, a clearance of 0.762 meters is left to facilitate

African American Religion Essay Example for Free

African American Religion Essay Before Africans were brought to America during the slave trade, they had their own culture and society. They had their own language and dance. They also had their own religion. History tells us that the Europeans justified their abuse toward the Africans as helping them become more civilized because the Africans lifestyle appeared primal to them and not as developed and industrialized as theirs. What is often overlooked is that even though Africans were taken from Africa and Americanized and have been stripped of their religion, culture, language and even their name, the very essence of the African as a people did not go away. Some African American slaves rejected Christianity’s religion because they saw it as the â€Å"white man’s religion†. History tells us American Slave Masters abused the Africans by whipping them like animals and by treating them inhumane. The fact that these slave masters wanted the African American to worship their god was unacceptable for some because they could not fathom why they should worship a god who allowed people to be so badly treated. Some Africans accepted Christianity’s religion and faith by identifying with Jesus Christ, the son of God who according to the Bible was innocent of sin and yet he was beaten, bruised and crucified for the sins of the world. Some African Americans wanted to remain faithful to their heritage yet did not agree with the conjure practices. Seth Holly’s character is a good example of conforming to the economic prosperity of America which was founded by Christians. White Christians enforced Christian beliefs, values, and some practices based on the Euro American Christian interpretation of Christian text. Seth developed a kind of hatred for his own people proving that he has adopted the practices of white America in the early 1900s. â€Å"Niggers coming up here from that old backwoods†¦ coming up here from the country carrying Bibles and guitars looking for freedom. † Seth says. â€Å"They got a rude awakening† (6). Seth signifies the African American who resents assimilation to the white American culture. But, at the same time, he too attempts to connect with his heritage by simply allowing Bynum to live in his home and bless it with his conjures rituals. Seth also participates in an African dance ritual called the Juba. Bynum’s character is introduced by practicing conjure rituals. He cuts open pigeons and spreads its blood onto him as a type of cleansing to communicate with spirits. Bynum represents the African American who chose to remain faithful to the religion of his heritage. Others who have chosen the faith of Christianity view conjure rituals as evil, witchcraft, or demonic. Some African Americans wanted to remain faithful to their heritage yet did not agree with conjure practices anymore. Loomis walks in on the juba dance and goes into a trance after dinner at the boarding house. He had a vision of skeletons emerge from a body of water. â€Å"Loomis: I done seen bones rise up out the water. Rise up and walk across the water. Bones walking on top of the water† (53). Loomis recognizes through the vision, his state of ignorance to the knowledge that will lead him to the new way of thinking. Bynum serves as a supporting character reacting to Loomis’s trance. â€Å"Bynum: They walking around here now. Mens. Just like you and me. Come right up out the water† (56). Loomis’s trance and Bynum’s interpretation of it is a turning point in the story. The skeletons coming from the bottom of the sea in Loomis’s vision represent the slave ships, the disorientation experienced by the slaves during emancipation, and the confusion of his release from Joe Turner. Both Loomis and Bynum have tapped into their ancestral religion. The difference between the two is that Bynum represents the African who never renounced his religion and Loomis is the African-American who turned from conjure religion and converted to the faith of Christianity. After Joe turner took his life away from him, Loomis questioned his Christian faith and his identity. By walking in on the ancestral ritual of the Juba dance, Loomis literally walked into what he had actually been looking for, his religion, consequently, his ancestral identity and this is why he fell into the trance. Throughout the play conjures is encompasses four generations; Bynum’s father, Bynum, Loomis, and the neighbor boy Reuben. Reuben’s vision is of Seth’s mother by the pigeon coop, she encourages Reuben to release the caged pigeons. Wilson writes in a way that leads the reader to believe that Loomis needs to find his missing wife. Martha Pentecost is not the one who was lost; Loomis was the one who was lost, wondering around from town to town, searching. Loomis came into the state of belief when Bynum helped him translate his vision. That vision represented Loomis going back to his ancestral conjure religion. Loomis needed to find Martha Pentecost simply to say good-bye to her and their life former together. Up until this point of the story, I believed that Loomis needed to find his wife so they could live out the rest of their lives as a happy free family with their daughter. However, it is made pretty obvious this was never Loomis’s intentions. â€Å"That goodbye kept me out on the road searching,† Loomis says, â€Å"now that I see your face I can say my goodbye and make my own world† (90). Martha Pentecost, a woman of Christian faith, represents the African who assimilated into white America’s culture and Loomis needed to find her to say good-bye to her and the Christian faith. Martha stands by her Christian faith by accusing Loomis â€Å"you done gone over to the devil† (91). White man’s religion believed that conjure was evil or the way of the devil. Loomis finds it easier to reject her for her Christian beliefs. â€Å"Loomis: Great big old white man†¦your Mr. Jesus Christ. Standing there with a whip in one hand and a tote board in another, them niggers swimming in a sea of cotton† (92). Loomis proves with his statement, his version of a bible story that differed from other African Americans but was similar to that of the white man who believed that they were on a level below God and the African’s were beneath them, African’s were one third of a person. Loomis now believes that if African’s are going to be free then they have to take charge of their own destiny. Martha Pentecost represents the African American’s religion, she identifies that Loomis needs to â€Å"be washed in the blood of the lamb† (92) and â€Å"you done gone over to the devil. (91) Through class lessons I learned that African American slaves compared themselves with stories in the bible to instill hope of a life free from oppression, violence, and bondage. Jesus according to the bible was innocent of sin and yet he was beaten, bruised and crucified for the sins of the world. The hope of reigning in heave with Jesus is considered the ultimate reward for suffering life’s trials and tribulations. It is the faith of the African Americans who accepted Christianity religion. Blacks trusted in the Lord instead of man. America was Egypt in the exodus story and as long as the enslaving and oppressing took place America would face the same wrath as Egypt. â€Å"Stand still and see the salvation of the Lord. † The bible was depended on in justifying and motivation rebellion for the blacks and used as a tool to keep blacks enslaved by the whites. African Americans used sermons, song, and prayer to convey and teach their message of travail and triumph of Israel. Some African Americans could not get past the treatment from the white people that called themselves Christians and as a result they rejected Christianity. Selig’s role suggests that the link between characters is the acquisition of material goods. Selig admits that his ancestors have always made their living pursuing African Americas; his great grandfather transported slaves from Africa, his father captured runaway slaves and returned them to their masters for a reward, and Selig locates displaced people for a fee. Selig attains his ecstasy through consumer capitalism, through the selling of material goods. African Americans are objects for exploitation and exchange in the new economy. He binds African Americans to the economic system, demanding payment of his services and products which necessitates subsistence labor by taking them from one construction site or work site to another, similar to a temporary employment agency today. You pay for an employee to work for some time, but Selig is getting paid by the person looking for work or a ride to a chance of freedom. Selig cannot find a person that has not purchased a dustpan from him because he keeps the names of his customers. Seth is determined to achieve material success, he has very little patience for African Americans migrating north looking for the same prosperity that he desires. Seth is very demanding of his patrons, insisting on advance payment in full, and is preoccupied with maintaining a respectable house. â€Å"It’s hard enough now without all that ignorant kind of acting. Ever since slavery got over with there ain’t been nothing but foolish-acting niggers. Word get out they need men to work in the mill and put in these roads†¦ and niggers drop everything and head north looking for freedom. †(5, 6) Seth wants to blend in with the white man’s world; therefore he keeps a link with Selig by negotiating the manufacturing and sale of dustpans. Seth does not have any idea of what it would be like to be a slave, as he was born free in the North and was educated. He demonstrates his education with his math calculation when dealing with the boarding house patrons and the quick notation of him letting Selig know that he is trying to overcharge him for the dust pan materials. Educational differences played a role in tension with Southern blacks, most of who were forbidden from learning to read, saw religion as a matter of oral tradition and immediate experience and emotion. Northerner blacks, stressed that one could not truly be Christian unless they was able to read the Bible and understand it. This play denies individual worth and identity for some of Wilson’s characters. To be defrauded of the products of one’s labor or to see that creation diminished, like with Jeremy and the guitar contest, is to be denied a reflection of individual worth and identity. If people have been separated from this truth of individual worth and identity through oppression their capacity to bond with one another, form friendships, or couples, families are undermined. Social alienation in Wilson’s characters are expressed in their stores of broken relationships, uncertainty, or suspicion that they feel toward one another. â€Å"Seth: Something ain’t setting right with that fellow, Bynum. He’s one of them mean-looking niggers look like he done killed somebody gambling over a quarter. †(20) Connection between oppression, alienation from self and inability to form bonds with others is displayed in the character of Loomis. Joe Turner’s ability to oppress Loomis carried a judgment of non-worth. â€Å"Loomis: He told me I was worthless. Worthless is something you throw away. Something you don’t bother with† (73) Turners judgment of worthlessness forced Loomis to accept the reality of the white man’s power; he was marked as â€Å"one of Joe Turners niggers and forced to forget his song. †(71) Being alienated from himself and displaced with his relation to the world, Loomis is unable to establish bonds with people around him. The oppression encountered by Wilson’s characters is material or economic, that oppression is spiritual as well in the capacity to deprive the individual of a sense of himself or his unique song. The reawakening of Loomis after his encounter with cultural wisdom is not the self discovery of an average African American but creation of a new source of cultural wisdom, a new African holy man. Wilson uses many metaphors throughout the play. The song is a metaphor for Loomis’s identity and the African American cultural identity. Music is a large part of African American identity, so it makes since that in search of one’s identity they are searching for their song. The boarding house serves as an inn for traveling folk, but the tenants actually receive a form of healing during their stay. Tenants get direction and guidance from Bertha and Bynum. The shiny man that Bynum is in search for signifies African American independence. The man that Bynum met on the road was an independent African American, just as Loomis was freed by his past when he cleansed himself in his own blood. â€Å"Bynum: Herald Loomis, you shining! You shining like new money! †(94) Loomis has dismissed that the blood of Christ can wash away his sins and make him the man he used to be, but by washing himself in his own blood he has sacrificed the old life to begin his new journey on his terms. Bynum’s shining man has been found, meaning his work is complete; he has passed his powers on to the next generation, Loomis. â€Å"They tell me Joe Turner’s come and Gone† is a song that is sung by Bynum, when I first read the story I thought that the meaning was came and now he is dead however, the second time I read the play I realized that it meant that Joe Turner has come and snatched the men and now he is now gone. August Wilson uses symbolism in the play as a very important part in conveying the meaning of the story. Wilsons use of symbolism is demonstrated through Mr. Wilsons use of the road, Martha Pentecost, and Herald Loomis. Symbolic importance is give to the word freedom. The word freedom has instilled hope into the lives of African Americans: during slavery, hope for the release from bondage; after emancipation, the right to be educated, employed, and to move about freely; twentieth century, social, political, and economic justice. Freedom has always stood for the absence of any restraint, because God made all men from his image. There are a number of characters that travel around searching for their place in the world. Mattie, mentions that she keeps on looking, seems like she just keeps starting over, I ain’t never found no place for me to fit. † (76) Reuben tells Zonia, when he finds out that she is leaving the boarding house in search of her mom, â€Å"when I get grown, I come looking for you. †(84) Jeremy does not seem to care much when he loses his job because, â€Å"don’t make me no difference. There’s a big road out there, I can always get my guitar and find me a place to stay. I ain’t planning on staying in one place for too long noway. † (64) Martha Reverend Tolliver moved the Church up north because of the trouble the church was having. When the Civil War finally brought freedom to previously enslaved African Americans, the task of organizing religious communities was only one element of the larger need to create new lives, to reunite families, to find jobs, and to figure out what it would mean to live in the United States as citizens rather than property. August Wilson’s play, Joe Turner’s come and Gone, examines African Americans search for their cultural identity following slavery. Bibliography Murphy, L. G. (2000). Down By the Riverside. New York: New Yourk University Press. Wilson, A. (1988). Joe Turner Come and Gone. New York: Penguin Group.

Corellis Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres Essay examples -- Corellis M

Corelli's Mandolin by Louis de Bernieres Carlo was fighting for Italy, while Mandras was in the Greek army. Both of the characters experienced a lot during the war. Nevertheless everything Mandras and Carlo fought on opposite sides. What does it say about the novels moral scheme, that the sufferings of ordinary people on both sides are recounted in detail? Consider these two characters but also other â€Å"moral† issues raised in the novel so far. Mandras and Carlo fought on opposite sides. Their experiences and feelings through out the war are recounted to the readers in a lot of details. And even though they were â€Å"enemies†, their stories are very similar, as if the author is talking about the same man. This style of narration tells us something about the moral scheme of the novel. De Bernieres is trying to show the readers that there is no difference between human beings. That they all share similar feelings and have similar ideas about life. However similarity between people is not the only â€Å"moral† issue that is being raised, the author also raises the question about religion, education, sufferings and of course of love. In this essay I will primarily discuss the similarities between people, concentrating mostly on the two main characters: Carlo and Mandras. And then I will talk about the other â€Å"moral† issues raised in the novel so far. Carlo was fighting for Italy, while Mandras was in the Greek army. Both of the characters experienced a lot during the war. Nevertheless everything that has happened to them is very similar. First of all, both of the characters had a completely wrong impression of what war is like. They both believed that it was something glorious, something worthwhile. Carlo wa... ...vive if a person doesn’t have a soul, however the souls of soldiers â€Å"diminished to a tiny point of grey light†. They no longer believed as they saw all the sufferings of the people, which in the end were useless. Instead of praying to God, they started praying to the people they loved, as they believed that unlike God their beloved ones wouldn’t forget them. â€Å"I had you instead of the Virgin, I even prayed to you.† (p.157). During the war, the soldiers completely lost their faith and hope. So as we can see the role of religion in people’s lives is also an important â€Å"moral† issue that is raised in the novel. All of these factors tell us that there are several different moral schemes in the novel. And the development of each issue depends on the situation that the person is in, and not on the person himself, as in the end all the humans are very similar.

What Time is It? :: Essays Papers

What Time is It? Before meeting with my friend Leticia from Honduras, Central America, I would ask her if she was arriving according to North American time or Latin American time. Smiling, she would answer, "A la hora Latina, of course." This meant that she would be late. The concept of time is very different for Latin Americans than for North Americans. Life in the United States is fast-paced. There are fast food restaurants, overnight delivery services, shuttle services, instant cash machines, fast weight loss plans, and even instant minute rice. Avidly following such sayings as, "The early bird gets the worm," and, "First come, first served," North Americans even have their meals in an efficient manner. Microwaves help nuke their early breakfasts, noon lunches, and five-o'clock dinners. "Time is money" for big businesses. Everyone follows set agendas. Minutes are taken at meetings that are precisely scheduled. North Americans take pride in juggling busy work schedules and still finding time to spend with family and friends. Latin Americans stroll leisurely through life. They amble past open-air restaurants, across shaded patios tucked behind walls of Bougainvillea. In the cafes, the service is slow but courteous. Outside on the streets, people walk by, not for weight purposes, but to get somewhere. Buses arrive and depart on their own schedule, sometimes sooner or later than their printed times. And if you miss the bus, wait. One will come along eventually. Mid-morning breakfasts are homemade. Lunch is around three in the afternoon and dinner could be anytime after the arranged time. No one follows a set agenda, but business is accomplished at a gradual and comfortable pace. Watches are not followed precisely, and one barely ever hears the question, "What time is it?" This cultural difference has proven to be a problem for many North Americans visiting Latin American countries and vice versa. For example, this problem has escalated on the issue of adoption. While in Honduras the summer of 1989, I translated for couples from the United States who were looking for children to adopt from Central America. All legal procedures were transacted between a lawyer from the U.S. and a Honduran lawyer. Legal matters on the North American end were handled almost immediately. The Honduran lawyer, however, was considerably slower with field work and paper work and was unable to give definite dates or times for the completion of the adoption. This created a cultural barrier and added to the confusion of the situation.

Impact of Electronic Banking System Essay

1.0Background of the Study The new millennium brought with it new possibilities in term of information access and availability, simultaneously, introducing new challenges in projecting sensitive information from some eyes, whiles making it available to others. Today’s business environment is extremely dynamic and experience rapid changes as a result of technological improvement, increased awareness and demands Banks to serve their customers electronically. Bank have traditionally been in the forefront of harnessing technology to improve their products and services. The Banking industry of the 21st century operates in a complex and competitive environment characterized by these changing conditions and highly unpredictable economic climate. Information and communication Technology (ICT) is at the centre of this global change curve of Electronic Banking system in Nigeria today (Stevens 2002). Assert that they have over the times been using electronic and telecommunications networks for delivering a side ra nge of value added products and services, managers in Banking industry in Nigeria cannot ignore information system because they play a critical impact in current Banking system, they point out that the entire cash flow of most fortune Bank are linked to information system. The application of information and communication technology concepts, techniques, policies and implementation strategies to Banking services has become a subject of fundamental importance and concerns to all Banks and indeed a prerequisite for local and global competitiveness Banking. The Advertisement in Technology has played on important role in improving service delivery standards in the Banking industry. In its simplest form. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and deposit machines now allow consumer carry out banking transactions beyond banking hours. With online with banking individual can check their account balances and make payments without having to go to the bank hall. This is gradually creating a cashless s ociety where ADOPTION OF NEW NOMENCIATURE Following the impressive performance of the subsidiaries, a management retreat was held in February, 2009 where it was agreed that unity Bank and its compendium of subsidiaries be adopt an intergrated Group Structure. Therefore, unity Bank Plc and its subsidiaries will adopt a new nomenclature that includes â€Å"Group†. This is now ‘UNITY BANK GROUP’. The members of this Group include SUBSIDIARIES (1) Unity Capital Trust Limited (2) Caranda Management Services LTD (3) Consumers no longer have to pay for all their purchase with hand cash. For example:1 Bank customer can pay for airline tickers and subscribe to initial public offerings by transferring the money directly from their accounts, or pay for various goods and services by electronics transfer of credit to the sellers Account. As most people introduced mobile banking to cater for customers who are always on the move. Mobile banking allows individual to check their account balances and make fund transfers using their mobile phones. This was populated by first Atlantic Bank(now First Inland Bank) through its â€Å"flash me cash† product customers can also recharge their mobile phones Via Sms. E- Banking has made banking transaction easier around the world and it is fast gaining acceptance in Nigeria. The delivery channels today in Nigeria electronic Banking are quite numerous as it is mentioned Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), point of sales (POS), Telephone Banking Smart cards internet Banking etc personal computers in the Banking industry was first introduced into Nigeria by Society General Bank as the popular PC easy access to the internet and world wide web (WWW) and internet is increasingly used by Bank’s as a channel of delivering the products and services to the numerous customers. Virtually almost all Banks in Nigeria have a web presence: this form of Banking is referred to as internet Banking which is generally part of Electronic Banking. The delivery of products by bank on public domain is an indication of advertisement which is known as E- Commerce. Electronic commerce on the other hand is a general term for any type of business or commercial transaction, it involve the transfer of information across the internet. E- Commerce involve individuals and business organization exchanging business information and instructions our electronic media using computers, telephones and other communication equipments. This covers a range of different types of business from consumers to retails products. However Electronic banking as it is a product of E- Commerce in the field of banking and financial services. It’s offers different online services like balance enquiry, request for cheque. 1.1 Book Recording Stop Payment Instructions Balance Transfer Instructions, Account Opening and other form of traditional banking services. The internet allows businesses to use information more efficiency by allowing customers, suppliers, employers and partners to get access to the business information they need when they need it. These internet enabled services all translate to scale and increased efficiency. E- Banking greatest promise is timelier, more valuable information accessible to more people at reduced cost of information access with the changes in business operations as a result of the internet era, security concern move from computer labs to the front page of newspaper. The promise of E- Banking is offset by the security challenges associated with the disintermediation of data access. One security challenge results from â€Å"cutting out the middlemen† that too often cuts out the information security the middleman provides. Another is the expansion of the user community from small group of known vetted users accessing data from the intact to thousands of users accessing data from the internet. Application service providers (ASP) and exchanges offer especially stringent – and sometimes contradictory – requirements of per user and per customer security while allowing secure data sharing among communications of interest. E- Banking depends on providing customers partners and employees with access to information in a way that is controlled and secure. Technology must provide security to meet the challenges encountered by E- Banking. Virtually all software and hardware ventures claim to build secure products but what assurance does an E- Banking have of a products security? E- Banking want a clear answer to the conflicting security claims they hear from vendors. How can you be confident about the security built into a product independent security evaluations against internationally established security criteria provide assurance of vendors security claims. Customer expectation in term of service delivery and other key factors have increased dramatically in recent years, as a result of the promise and delivery of the internet. Even after athe â€Å"dot-comcrash† these raised expectations linger The growth in the application and acceptance of internet – driven is more achievable than ever before, however it is also more complex and fraught with potential costs and risk. The internet introduces customers to a new perception of business time as always â€Å"on available 24/7 and demanding an urgent and rapid response† The challenges for managers is to reconcile their business and their own personal perceptions of time with perceived reality of internet time. The internet has decisively shifted the balance of power to the customer. The internet is revolutionizing sales techniques and perceptions of leading brands and the internet is intensifying competition in all its forms. Banking are continuing to use the internet to add values for their customers but in order for this to work effectively maximizing opportunities reducing risks and overcoming problems an E- Banking strategy is required as an impact. The growth of the web and internet as new channels the growth in their use by customers and the flows of companies entering the market presents a series of key challenges to companies. It is easy and cheap to put up a website. But to create an environment delivering effective service on the web to a significant proportion of your customers base requires an E-Banking strategy. Electronics banking offers different online service like balance enquiry, request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instructions, account opening and other form of transitional banking services. 1.2Statement of the Problem In Nigeria, Customers of banks today are no longer worried about safety of their funds and increased returns on their investments but rather demand efficient fast and convenient service. Customers want a bank that will offers them services that will meet their particular needs (persionalized banking) and support their business goods for instance ; businessmen want to travel carryout cash for security reason they want to be able to check their balance online find out if a cheque is cleard transfer funds among accounts and even want to download transaction record into their own computer at work or home. Customers want a preferential treatment and full attention by their choice bank. All those are only achievable through electronic banking In line with rendering qualities and acceptable services that most bank in Nigeria are gearing toward and investing large sum of money in information and communication technology. Expectedly such banks services have been improved. United Bank for Africa (UBA), Zenith Bank, ( to mention view) are in the forefront in the use of IT in rendering services to their customers the Guardian News paper April 18, 200 & 21). It also 12 seeks the challenges involved in electronics banking and best industrial practices and the approach of implementing them in Nigeria system. 1.3Objective of the study The main objectives of the research work is to examine the impact of electronic banking in Nigeria banking system channels as well as different that could enhance the delivery of consumers and retails products, and also how bank choose to support their electronic banking component services internally, such as internet services provider internet banking software, core banking vendor, managed security services provider, bill payment provider, credit business and credit scoring company Specifically the study objective are;- 1 To evaluate the prospects electronic Banking in Unity bank plc 2 To evaluate the impact of electronic banking in Unity Bank plc 3 To examine the effect of electronic banking has it improve the fortune of the bank. 1.4Statement of Research Questions Since the release by CBN, August 2003 and the subsequent policy on the guideline of electronic banking system in Nigeria One of the question that is currently being addressed is the impact of electronic banking on the traditional banking player, there are two view that are prevalent in the market. The controversies that the internet is a revolution that will sweap away the orders, argument in are as follow Electronic banking transaction are much cheaper than the branch transactions. Banks are easy to set up with lots of new entrants. Deposits will go elsewhere because these banks will have to fight to regain their customer base There would be increase in their cost of funds making businesses less viable. Portal providers are likely to attract the most significant share of banking profits. Traditional banks will find it difficult to evolve; they will be unable to obtain additional capital from stock market. E- banking as an evolution than a revolution. 1.5Research Hypothesis The following hypothesis are formulated in null form to guide study; 1 HO; Electronic banking does not have prospect in Unity bank plc HI; Electronic banking has prospect in Unity bank plc 2 HU; Electronic banking has not impact on Unity Banks plc 3 HO2; Electronic baking has impact on Unity bank plc H3; Adoption of electronic banking enhance the fortune of Unity banks pls. 4. H4; Electronic banking does not improve bank customer’s relationship 5.Ho; the bank electronic banking guidelines does not comply with the CBN electronic banking guidelines. HU; the Bank electronic banking guidelines complies with the CBN electronic bank guidelines. 1.6Significant of the Study The study would enable the bank executives and indeed the policy makers of the bank and financial institution to be aware of electronic banking as a product of electronic banking with a view to making strategic decision. The research is equally significant because it would provide answer to electronic banking in Unity bank Plc. 1.7 Scope of the Study In pursuance of the objective of the study, attention shall be focused on electronic banking among other electronic commerce empirical investigation into the adoption of electronic banking in Nigeria and will also examine the nature of electronic banking operation in Unity Bank Plc from 2007 to 2009,. 1.8Limitation of the Study In view of the technicalities involved. It would be unrealistic to assume that all necessary facts have been gathered in the process of the study information gathered is limited to those accesses and made available by the respondents and those gathered from end users However the impacts of this limitation will be reduced to the barest minimum. 1.9Definition of Related Team 1.Access product – product that5 allow consumers to traditional payment instrument electronically, generally from remote locations. 2.ATM card – UB debit card is a chip device consisting of circuit element on single silicon chip The card a complex circuits that process micro processor with a single chip that contains the complete arithmetic aid logic unity of computers. 3.Chip card A card knows as an integrated circuit (IC) card. A card containing one more computer chip or special purpose processing used to validate personal identification. 4. Smart card – A card with a computer chip embedded on which financial health education and security information can be stored and processed. 5.Western Union Money Transfer (WUMT) is a product that allowed people with relatives in Diaspora who may be remitting money home for family up keep, project financing school fess etc Nigeria communities known for having their siblings gainfully employed in other parts of the world are idle market for Western Union Money Transfer. CHAPTER TWO 2.0.LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF CASE STUDY Brief Profile of Unity Bank Plc Unity Bank Plc is one of the leading retail in Nigeria which emerged from the lagest merger and consolidation of Nine Banks intercity Bank, First interstate, Tropical Commercial pacific Centre point, NNB Bank of the North and New Africa Bank Limited and spearheaded in investment banking corporate and retail banking came together in January 2006 to from Unity Bank Plc. It has 284 business officers spread across the country and working to increase this number in the nearest future. Unity Bank is the sixth largest Bank in Nigeria today by business locations. The Head Office is located at plot 785, Herbert MacaulayWay, Central Business District, Abuja While the Head Office Annex is at No. 290, Akin Olugbade Street, Victoria Island, Lagos. The Mission of the Bank is to create superior wealth for our stakeholders and The Vision is to be one of the top Five financial service institutions in Nigeria by 2013. Vision Drive Strategic Objectives (a) Financial * Attain a set minimum balance sheet size with respect to Asset size and profitable by the year 2013. This is referred to as 5-in-5 taking it from 2008 to 2013. * Achieve Industry Top 5 position in rate of return on Equity * Achieve Industry Top 5 ration of income to cost (b) Customer * Build a superior customer service environment within Unity Bank (c) Technology * Significantly improve Technology leverage within the Bank (d) Human Capital * Build a winning human capacity and Spirit. (e) Retail Focus * Build the nation’s number 1 retail Bank. 2.1.2INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC BANKING SYSTEM Electronic banking system is a conventional banking system which stated in Nigeria in 1952; (Benjamin 2001). Since then the industry has witnessed a lot of regulatory and institutional advances. The industry was being controlled by at most five out the 89 banks in existence before the commencement of the merger and acquisition of banks in Nigeria economy. Multiple branch systems is also one of the notable features of Nigerian Banks, with a total of 89 banks accounting for about 3017 bank branched nationwide as at 2004. As well the industry was faced with heavy challenges including the overbearing impact of fraud and corruption. Erosion in public confidence a poor capital base persistent cases of distress and failure poor asset quality and so on. Part of the move to resolve these lingering problems including the banking reform initiated by the Central Bank of Nigeria in June 2004, which is largely targeted at reducing the number of Banks in the economy and making the emerging banks stronger and reliable. So far the banking reform has been a success story with 25 mega banks emerging after the recapitalization exercise which ended on 31st December, 2005 in the bid to catch up with global development and improve the quality of their service delivery. Nigeria banks have no doubt invested much o technology and have widely adopted electronic and telecommunication network for delivery a wide range of value added product and service, they have in the last few years transformation from manual to automated system. Unlike before when ledger cards were used, today banking has been connected to information technology networks thereby facilitating the practice of inter – banking and inter – Branch ban king transactions. Development domestically has the introduction of mobile telephone in 2001 and improved access to personal computer and internet service facilities have also added to the growth of electronic banking in the Nigerian banking sector, However where as local banks most commonly practice real time on line internet banking, the integration of customers into the process is far from been realized. Many of the reason are attributed to the high prevalence of internet fraud and lack of an adequate regulatory framework to protect the banks from the volatility of risk associated with internet banking especially at the levels of communication and transactions. In the main Nigeria is globally regarded as the headquarters of Advance Fee Fraud which is perpetrate mostly via the internet (Journal of international affairs Vol. 51, 209 – 301. 2.2 THE VIEW ON ELECTRONIC BANKING The vast majority of the recent literature on electronic money and banking suffers from a narrow focus. It generally ignores electronic banking entirely and equates electronic money with the substitution of currency through electronic gadget Such as smart cards and virtual currency. For example Freedman (2000) proposes the electronic banking and electronic money consist of three device; access devices stored value cards and network money. Electronic banking is simply the use of new access device and is therefore ignored. Electronic money then is the sum of stored value (smart) cards and network money (value stored on computer hard disks). What is most fascinating and 23 revealing about this apparently popular view is that electronic banking and electronic money are no longer functions or processes but devices Within this rather narrow scope for electronic money there are nonetheless many research that address one or more of the challenges facing it Santomero and seater (1996) print (1991) and sliy and Tarkka (2002) and many others present models that identify conditions under which alternative electronic payment substitute for currency to emerge and flourish on a large scale depending on the characteristics of the various technologies as well as the characteristics of the potential user Berentsen (1998) considers the impact that the substitution of smart cards for currency will have o monetary policy arriving that although electronic substitutes for currency substitution will leave the demand for Central Bank reserves largely intact Good haft (2000) discuss how monetary control would in an economy in which Central Bank currency has been partially or completely replaced by electronic substitutes. Conan (2001) distinguishes between monetary control and monetary anatomy where monetary control is the ability of the of the Central Bank to influence output and price, Cohen that the introduction of electronic currency substitutes will not reduce monetary autonomy other hand; Kobrin (1997) arques that electronic currency substitutes are 24 part of a general process of technological advance and globalization that are rendering national authorities of all kinds important and obsolete. Lee and long – Akindemowo (1999) present the standard justification for regulation of financial markets systemic risk and consumer protection; they argued that both will justify regulation of electronic currency substitutes they noted that European regulators have already defined stored value cards as the taking of a deposit so that only banks may issue them, several other authors particularly Central Banks such as freedman (2000) have argued that the state can always use its power to regulate electronic money providers if they prove to be determined to monetary policy or finance stability. Helleiner (1998) makes the case that such coercive power will still be effective in a world of electronic banking. Tanaka (1996) on the other hand, proposes the establishment of a monetary authority in cyberspace that will control electronic currency substitutes. Friedman (1991) point out that electronic banking presents the possibility that an entire alternative payment system not under the control of the Central Bank of Nigeria may arise, in an extreme variant of freedman King (1991) argues that today computers make it at least possible to bypass the payment system altogether instead using direct bilateral clearing and settlement; the responses to Friedman. Woodford (2000) argue that the central bank will either continue to provide the payment system of choice or will find alternative ways to conduct monetary policy through stabilization of short term interest rates regardless of what form of money is being used. Although this second set of research introduces some critical issue, it is too vague about what exactly is meant by electronic money and banking. Part of the vagueness stems from the focus of these papers on the payment system rather than on the payment media. Nonetheless a complete view of electronic money and banking should include both the payment system and the media used in the system. The feasibility of an alternative payment after all is intimately tied to the feasibility and desirability of the media flowing through that system. 2.3ELECTRONIC BANKING AND THE COMMON BANKING PRODUCTS The use of information technology in banking operations is called electronic banking Ovia (2001) argue that electronic banking is a product of e – commerce I the field of banking and financial service. i what can be described as business – to – consumer (B2C) domain for balance enquiry request for cheque books, recording stop payment instructions, balance transfer instruction, accounts opening and other forms of traditional banking service, Banks are also offering payment services on behalf of the customer who shop in different e- shop. 2.3.1TELEPHONES AND PC BANKING PRODUCTS This is a facility that enables customer, via telephones calls, find out about their position with their bankers merely dialing the telephone numbers given to them by the banks in addition the computer on the phone would require special codes given to the customer as a means of identification of authentic users before they can receive any information they requested for. This is a service introduces into the banking balance as a result of computer telephone technology being made available Ovia(2001) the technology baking has a universe of possible application limited only by the imagination, these areas include: Account balance enquiry: Account statement printing intra – Banks Account to Account Transfer: inter – Banks Account to Account Transfer: Download Account Transaction etc Telephone and Pc banking brings the bank to the doorstep of the customer, it does not require the customers to have his premises: interaction voice response becomes a regular feature of operatio ns: Text – to – speech capability becomes reality: A uniformed messaging capability become permanent feature of the bank. 2.3.2THE CARD SYSTEM The card system is a unique electronic payment type. The smart card are plastic devices with embedded integrated circuit being used for settlement of financial obligations. The power of card lies in their sophistication and acceptability to store and manipulate data, and handless multiple application on one card security (Amedu 2005) Depending on the sophistication, it card and ATMs ( Automatic Teller Machine) While the electronic card is gaining popularity in USA and Nigeria, the Spanish financial institution demonstrated the highest implementation and update of smart card accords Europe (Amedu 2005) The smart cards was introduce into the Nigeria market to reduce or eliminate problems of carrying cash about (Amedu, 2005) it is electronically In addition it also contains security programs these protect transactions between one card user and the other, it between one card user and the other, it can also be transferred directly to a retailer, merchant or other outlet to pay for goods a nd services and like cash, transaction between individuals without the need for banks of the other third parties, Also the system does not require central clearing. It is valued immediately. Also the system allows transfer of one value to the other hence it operates like cash. 2.3.3THE AUTOMATED TELLER MACHINE (ATM) Worldwide the use of paper cash still remains the most widely used and acceptable means of setting financial transaction in increasingly on the decline especially in advance economics (Amedu 2005). In USA where the use of cash is still prominent compared with European countries it represents 50 percent or more of the total transactions. Of course, cash is a non – electronic payment method. However the physical carriage of cash as well as the visit to the bank branches is being reduced by the introduction of an electronic device ATM. An ATM device allows a bank customer to withdraw cash from his account via a cash dispenser (Machine) and the account is debited immediately. A fundamental advantage is that it needs not to be located within the banking premises. It is usually in stores, shopping malls, fuel Satiations etc 2.3.4CHEQUE A cheque is a paper based payment instrument whose usage are still gaining ascendancy the Automation focus on this instrument is to reduce the number of clearing days and improve on security arrangement in the course of settlement and collection. For examples in Nigeria the Central Bank of Nigeria CBN has just embarked upon online clearing and Nigeria has signified interest and signed path to this project (Johnson 2005) 2.4THE ENTRY OF NIGERIAN BANKS INTO ELECTRONIC BAKING. Electronic banking both as a medium of delivery of banking service and as a strategic tool for business development has gained wide acceptance internationally and more banks entering the fray. Nigeria can be said to be the threshold of a major banking revolution with net banking having already been unveiled (Ovia 2001) of all the sectors in the Nigeria economy, Banking stands out despite â€Å"a not too good† economy Electronic banking provide the facility of accessing customer account from anywhere in the world by using home computer with internet connection, is particularly fascinating worth individuals having multiple bank account the growth potential is therefore, immense. Further incentives provide by banks would dissuade customers from visiting physical braches, and thus get hooked to the convenience of armchair banking at present the situation does not seem to have shown any significant improvement where as about 90 percent of the banks in the country offer other forms of electronic banking service like telephone banking ATM and electronic fund transfer, internet banking is yet to take center stage. This aspect of baking is still at the basic informative stage (Ovia, 2001) this is so despite the widely acclaimed benefits of internet banking against the traditional branched banking practice part of the reason indentified for the inability of banks in Nigeria to take full advantage of this mode of banking includes lack of adequate operations infrastructure like telecommunications and power upon which electronic banking generally relies, Development process, internet b anking can be said to have less I the existing banking structure in the country Earlier articulate reason why internet Banking was having a moderate economic impact in the country including that Nigerian Banks customers are not on the average trained on for teller jobs and the working of internet banking a situation which makes transaction processing via internet banking prone to error; the absence of a clearly defined frame – work for internet banking, leaving banks with inadequate legal cover to provide the service and poor telecommunication infrastructure all over the country. In addition the fact that internet assuage in the country has been abused by cyber – criminals makes its window unattractive for domestic banking operations and legitimate international operations. The inherent banking service in Nigeria is against re – enforced by the growing evidence that the world over, dubook Nigerians use fake website to scoop fund from unsuspecting victims. In som e cases, these crimes are committed using existing banks sites. 2.5.1THREAT OF CYBER – CRIMES ON THE NIGERIAN BANKING SITES. The Advantage fee fraud or 419, which is one of the popular of all interest frauds Has of its origin from Nigeria in the 1980s it development and spread follows the path of the development in technology at inception, postal letter were used as key media for committing 419 frauds. Later in the early 1990s it became integrated into telecommunication facility such as the telephone and fax from the late 1990s following the introduction of computers and internet 419 crimes became prevalently perpetrated through the use of e-mail and other internet means (Amedu 2005) the latest dimension taken by the perpetration of this crime is the use of fake internet bank site and using that to encourage victims to open account with them. The country is the third high est ranked in internet money offer fraud As was reported in one of the national newspaper frauds and forgeries in Nigeria bank as at June 2005 Stood at 329 or N1.15 billion monetary equivalent against 222 cases or N1.47 billion monetary equivalent in April same year, There is even global suspicion that a Nigerian crime Syndicate that Coordinate global crimes such as money laundering bank fraud and 419 searms exist today. These issues basically defeat he key ingredients of electronic banking which include confidentially integrity and availability. Several factors are responsible for the above situation. They include inordinate tolerance for corruption among Nigeria public and government agencies; weakness of the existing legislative judicial institution to makes and enforce relevant laws on cyber crimes quality of graduates I terms of professional value and ethics chronic unemployment among graduates and the widening gap between the few rich and the many poor caused mainly by bad government. In the main, erosion of good value principles and corruption constitute the greatest cause of using cyber-crimes among Nigeria (Domestic electronic payment in Nigeria) (Amedu, 2005) this according to transparency international is worsened by fact that sever generation of Nigerians have been raised in this norm, Hence what is seen as a dangerous global crime is socially acclaimed and glamorized in Nigeria. The above situation constitutes the environment upon which electronic banking has emerged in Nigeria although the level of the adoption and practice of electronic baking (especially internet banking) has remained quite insignificant global projections still remains that information technology would continue to pay a revolutionary role in the development and delivery of banking products and services all over the world. In effect it is this projection that has raised pertinent regulatory questions concerning electronic banking like Nigeria. One key issue here borders on how to handle the rising level of frauds and forgery prevalent I the entire banking system and how to make internet banking system and how to make internet banking fit well in the banking structure of a country so notoriously identifiable with criminals use internet access. 2.5.2THE REGULATORY CHALLENGES At the national level the Nigeria government and the relevant regulatory agencies have strived to match the rapidly changing electronic banking environment with necessary regulations and frame works (Soludo, 2005) earlier effort made to this effect including the enactment of the failed Bnaks (Recovery of Debts) and malpractices in Bank Decree NO. 18 of 1994 and the money laundry of 1995. However as noted above poor enforcement procedure rendered these instrument very inactive in checking the menace of financial crimes. By the late 1990s following record growth internet and computer usage in the regulations girding the banking industry including the banks and other institution Act of 1991 were lacking adequate provisions to accommodate the emerging trend. Not even a mention of electronic banking or any manner of its application was mentioned in any of these prevailing regulation documents the situation created a lot of gaps between the levels 32 of CBN regulatory tools and the same ti me made the bank venerable to all kind of risk (Soludo 2005) This deficiency notwithstanding, it is not until 2003 when the maiden guidelines on electronic banking guidelines emerged from the finding of a Technical committee on electronic banking set up by the Central Bank of Nigeria in 2003 to find appropriate modalities for the operation of the committee that electronic banking in August 2003 of the key provision of the guidelines only a section deals with issues of the guidelines only a section deals with issues relating to internet Banking section paragraph 4 of the guidelines exception any stresses that banks should put in place procedures for maintain the banks web site including the various security features needed for internet banking service (CBN 2003) Despite its numerous technical specifications he guidelines have been widely criticized as not being enough to check the growing popularity of electronic banking against the back drop of growing sophistication in technology r elated crimes and frauds. Closer examination of the content of the guidelines equally shows that the document fails to meet up with the four keys areas where electronic banking may have regulatory impact – changing the traditional lines upon which existing regulatory structure are laid handing concerns about existing public policy issues changing the natural and scope of existing risks and rebalancing regulatory rules and industry discretion Again some important recommendation of the Technical committee that gave rise to the adoption of the guidelines was paragraph 6.1 of the committee reports which among others recommended that all banks intending to offer transaction service o the internet other e-banking product should obtain an approval in – principle from CBN prior to commencing these service. Part of the criticism is that the recent guidelines are capable of constraining the practice and development of Electronic Banking Nigeria. One of such for instance is the requirement on electronic banking product development while acknowledgement that the existing regulations would apply wholly on emphasized that only banks section 4.2 of the guidelines emphasized that only banks which are licensed supervised and with physical presence in Nigeria are permitted to offer electronic banking service in Nigeria and that virtual banks are not to be allowed the guidelines also gives indication that the products services can only be offered to residents of Nigeria with a verifiable address with the geography boundary of Nigeria any person resident permit or other legal residency designation under the Nigeria immigrations any person know were in as a classified person who neither is temporarily in Nigeria. The guidelines go further to indicate that the e-banking service should be offered in Naira only and that where such a service is to be provided in foreign currency it should be to only the holders of ordinary domiciliary account and conform with all foreign exchange regulation on some other aspects, the guidelines have been criticized by unity bank executive and customers for not addressing adequately the critical issues concerning internet security it failed to explicitly recommend a standard that allows banks to examine in each individual financial institutions current network. In addition to this array of criticisms the workability of proper internet framework is also queried amidst the poor state of basic information technological infrastructure in the country. This is essentially necessary since electronic Banking generally relies on the existence of adequate operational infrastructure like telecommunication and power to function effective through little success has been recorded the supply of these requisite facilities is very erratic in the Nigeria case. Were they exist high cost of acquisition and maintenance tend to deny a greater percentage of the population access to them the case of internet access is a glaring one where majority of the citizen rely solely on the services of commercial cyber cafes to the E- Banking Guidelines to provide procedures not only for banks investment in internet facilities but also in promoting customers access to such. Unfortunate none of such is contained in the document. Prior to the merger, each of the four banks maintained a unique brand discernable areas of coverage an easily identified degree of strength and competencies in various areas of the banking service and a fair share of the market. Technology is undoubtedly a very important tool of every banks competitive strategy. It had drawn the line between success and failure. The deployment of Banks, web enable new generation enterprise banking solution has enable UNITY BANK to offer its customers banking service at their door step. The bank runs on a completely centralized system with BANKS (Version 6.2) as the main Banking Application the Banks innovation technology driven product are product are central and they have pioneers in the area of e-banking in Nigeria. 2.5.3ELECTRONIC BANKING PROFITABILITY AND EFFICIENCY Commercial banks assaulted by the pressure of globalization competition from non-banking news ways to add value to the service the question what drives performance? Is at the top in understanding superior performance and hence striving for it substantial research effort have gone into addressing this questions starting from the strategic level and going down to operational details. A key study bench marking the strategies of leading retail banks and (vander Velde 1992) This study is based on the opinions of head of retails banks at all us commercial banks established the linkage between marking operations organizing excellence this finding lead to the formulation of the service management strategy encapsulated in the trail operational capabilities service quality performance capability service quality performance (-SQ-P) (foth and Iackson 1995) the C-SQ-P trail is in turn a focused view of the service profit chain described by (heskettet all 1994) based on their analysis of successful service organizations. 2.5.4BANK CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP Bank customer relationship is just a special contract were a person entries valuable items with another person with an intention that such items shall be retrieved on demand from the keeper by the person who is entrusted with above mentioned valuable items shall be retrieved on demand from the keeper by the person who so entrust thus the banker is the one who is entrusted with above mentioned valuable items while the person who entrust the items a view to retrieving it on demand is called the proxy. The banker too is under obligation to pay so long the proxy is dully authorized by the customers. The relationship is also fiducially. The terms and condition governing the relationship should not be leaked to a third party particularly by the bankers, Also items kept should not be released to a third party without due authorization by the customer. 2.6OPERATIONAL OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTION Financial institution provide service as intermediaries of the capital and debt markets, they are responsible for transferring funds from investor to companies in need of those funds financial institutions facilitate the flow of money through the economy to do so, saving are pooled to mitigate develop revenue. Should the yield curve become inverse film in this arena will offer additional fee generating services including securities underwriting and prime procreate. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1INTRODUCTION This chapter describes the techniques and procedure used by the research in conditioning the study and accumulating the data for the population of the study througth sampling techniques Sample size source of data method collection and method of data analysis and testing hypothesis 3.2POPULATION OF STUDY The population to be used in this study covers all the 40credit officers of Unity Banks plc The population selected was designed to obtain adequate and diverse views pertaining to the level and impact of electronic banking in Unity bank. 3.3SAMPLING TECHNIQUES The technique is used to ensure that all the segment of the population is included in the study 3.4SAMPLING SIZE The sampling size to be used by the researchers in this study constitute (40) Unity Bank Officers 3.5SOURCES OF DATA The researcher uses both the primary and secondary data in the study. The primary data are collected by the researcher through the use of questionnaire while the secondary data are data collected from CBN electronic banking guideline annual report of Unity Banks Plc and CBN annual report e.t.c 3.6METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The study used both descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing the data Also Simple frequency counts in percentage and the chi-square were used in the data analysis. 3.6.1TEST OF HYPOTHESES AND INFERENCE The Chi-square test was employed by the researcher to test the significance of the responses from the credit officers of Unity Bank plc (respondent) The Chi Square test is performed by defining the numbers of case fully in each category. The formula for the Chi- Square is: 0O-e2 e O: = Number of observed case in category E: = Number of expected cases in category K: = Number of category Summation Runs from 1 =1 to 1 – k 3.6.2DECISION RULE AND NOTIFICATION A set of decision rule is the verbal equivalent of a graphical decisions tree, which specifies class membership based on a hierarchical sequence of (Contingent) decisions. Each rule in a the form of a Horn clause where in class membership is implied by a conjunction of contingent observations. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION FINDINGS 4.1A total of 40 questionnaires were distributed to the various credit officers of the unity bank plc in Lagos state after the questionnaires were filled by the respondents and collected back they were screened a sorted out by the researcher the detail of of the returned questionnaires shows that out of 40 sent out,only 35 were completed. Hence 87.5% of the respondent returned their questionnaires. 4.2PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.2.1QUALIFICATION OF RESPONDENT The researcher was able to meet with the respondent to know their level of qualification, the able below shows their different qualification and their response. Table 4.1 ; Qualification of Respondent s ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE OND 5 14 3 HND 9 25 7 BSC 14 40 M.SC / MBA 7 20 PHD 00 TOTAL 35 100 Sources; field survey, 2013 40 Table 4.1 shows the number of respondents by qualifications. The data collected indicated that 14 or 40% of respondents are B.sc Holder, 9 or 25.7% are HND holders, while 7 or 20% are master holders and non among have PHD. Therefore it could be inferred that majority of the credit are B.sc Holders 4.2.2WORKING EXPERIENCE The research was able to meet with different respondent to know their years experience with unity bank plc. Table 4.2 years of Experience with unity bank plc. ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE 1-5 years 8 22.9 6-10 years 10 28.6 11-15 years 9 25.7 16-20 years 6 17.1 21 years and above 2 57 TOTAL 35 100 Sources ; field survey 2013 Table 4.2 shows how long the respondents have been working with bank form the data collected it could be seen that 12 or 40% of respondents have spent between 1-5 years working with the bank, while 16-20 years and 2 or 25.7% between 11-15 years 6 or 17.1% between 16-20 years and 2 or 5.7% for more than 21 years. In view of this fact it could be deducted from the analyzed data in table 2 that 77.1% of the respondent have spent appreciable period of 5 years and above working in the bank. 4.2.3CADRE OF RESPODENTS ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE Junior credit officer 14-40 Senior credit officer 21-60 Total 35-100 Sources; field survey, 2013 Table 4.3 shows that 21 or 61% of respondent are senior credit officers with the bank while 14 or 40% are junior credit officers. Therefore the bank senior credit officers are more than the junior ones 4.2.4PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATION The respondents were asked about their professional qualifications and their responses were presented below Table 4.4 professional Qualification ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE Associated chartered Accountant (ACA) 16 45.7 Chartered Institute of Bankers of Nigeria (CIBN) 15 42.9 Certified Auditor 2 5.7 Certified information System 2 5.7 Total 35 100 Sources; field survey, 2013 42 Table 4.4 shows that 16 or 45.7% respondent are members of Chartered Accountant on 7% Nigeria, 15 or 42.9% of the respondent are professional bankers and 2 both 2 or 5.57% are for certified auditor and certified information system respectively. Therefore most workers in the bank are professional and such one would expect quality services and information from them 4.2.4DEPARTMENT OF RESPONDENTS The respondent were asked of their department are from different department and their responses were presented below. Table 4.5 Department of Respondent ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Human Resource 3 8 6 Cleaning and Cash Management 13 37.1 Business Development 25.7 Information Technology 12.9 Credit and Making 16 45.7 Total 35 100 Source: Field Survey, 2010 Table 4.5 indicate that 3 or 8.6 of the respondents are the human resources department 13 or 37% Clearing and cash management 2 or 5.7 to business development while 1 or 2.7% of the respondents are information. Technology department and 16 or 45.7% of the remaining are in credit and marketing Therefore, it could be deduced from the data analyzed above that credit and marketing department has the higher number of staff as such the bank will always strive to gainthe larger share of market share. 4.2.6THREAT TO ELECTRONIC BANKS The respondents were asked of the threat involves in electronic banking and their responses were presented below. Table 4,6 Threat to Electronic Banking ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Adequate Security 00 Legal threat 00 ATM Found 00 Poor communication link 00 All of the above 35 0 Total 35 100 Source: Field Survey, 2010 Table 4.6 show that all respondents i.e 35 or 100% of the respondents were of the agree opinion that the bank place more emphasis in all the electronic banking threat to determine its effectiveness. 4.2.7THREAT ASSESSMENT The respondents were asked about their assessment of threat involved in electronic banking and their responses were presented below: Table 4.7 threat Assessment ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE To a high extent 0 0 To a moderate extent 27 77.1 To a lower extent 6 17.1 44 No respond 25.7 Total 35 100 Source: Field Survey, 2010 On the assessment of the Unity Bank Electronic Banking System, 27 or 77.1% of the respondent were 6 or 17.1 low and 2 or 5.7% sow no respond and more respondent with opined of high. Therefore based in the Data collected, it shows that the bank has low incidence of threat in electronic Banking System. 4.2.8RESPONDENT ASSESSMENT OF UNITY BANKS ELECTRONIC BANKING SYSTEM The respondents were asked of the assessment of Unity Bank plc Electronic Unity Bank and their responses were presented below: Table 4.8 Unity Bank Electronic System ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE Excellent 5 14.3 Very Good 27 77.1 Good 3 8.6 Fair 00 Poor 00 Total 35 100 Source: field Survey, 2010 Table 4.8 shows the assessment of electronic banking system of Unity Bank 27 or 77.15 of the respondents have the opinion that they are very good while 5 or 14.3% excellent and 3 or 8.6 considered it as a good and none of the respondent opined that it is either fair or poor. 4.2.9INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY TRAINING PROGRAM the researcher was able to ascertain the level of information technology training program in Unity Bank plc and the responses are shown below: table 4.9 IT program ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Strongly agreed 5 14.3 Agreed 26 74.2 Undecided 3 8.6 Disagree 1 2.9 Strongly Disagree 00 Total 35 100 Source: Field Survey 2010 On the assessment of training development program for Unity Bank Offecers the table 9 show that 26 or 74.2% of the respondents were of the agree opinion, 5 or 14.3% strongly agree 3 or 8.6% undecided and 1 or 2.9% disagree and none respondent opened on strongly disagree therefore the bank have information training development programs respondent were of the agree opinion. 4.2.10LEVEL OF ELECTRONIC BANKING The respondent were asked about the level of electronic banking and response is shown in table 4.10 Table 4.10 level of electronic banking ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENT PERCENTAGE Strongly agreed 11 31.4 46 Agreed 22 62.9 Undecided 00 Strongly disagree 00 Total 35 100 Source: Field Survey 2010 Table 4.10 shows that 22 or 62.9% of respondent were of the agree opinion that electronic banking system has make banking transaction more easier, 11 or 31 45% strongly agree while 2 or 5.7% were undecided and none of the respondent is either of the disagree or strongly disagree opinion. From the data, it indicates that the banking transaction has been made easier with the introduction of electronic banking. 4.2.11IMPROVEMENT OF CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION The respondent were asked about the level of satisfaction derived from electronic banking and their response is show in table 4.11 below: Table 4.11 customers satisfaction improvement ALTERNATIVE RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE Strongly agreed 13 37.1 Agreed 21 60 Undecided 12.9 Disagree 00 Strongly disagree 00 Total 35 100 Source: Field survey, 2010 47 Table 4.11 shows that 21 or 60% of the respondent were of the agree opinion that electronic banking have improve customers satisfaction 13 or 37.1% strongly agree while 10 or 2.9% undecided and non respondent disagree, therefore, agree opinion having higher percentage shows that electronic banking has really shows that electronic banking has really improved customers satisfaction. 4.3TEST OF HYPOTHESIS 4.3.1HYPOTHESIS ONE Electronic Banking does not have prospect of electronic bank in Unity Bank Nig, Plc Table 4.12 Chi- Square table on the prospect of electronic banking in Unity Bank Respondents view O; – Ei (O; – E;) Strongly agree 1578649.14 Agree 167981 11.57 Undecided 27-525 3.57 Disagree 17-636 5.14 Strongly disagree 17-636 5.14 Total 353550242 34.56 Source: Computer from Data 2010 Therefore Z2 (Chi-Square) Value Calculator is 34.56 the degree of freedom K-L, 5-1 = 4 from the Chi-Square rule Table x 22 4; 0.05 = 9.4877 Therefore x2 Calculated = 34.5,6 X2 Tabulated = 9.4877 48 Decision rule: Since x2 Calculated is greater than x2 Tabulated (34.56779.4877) at 5% confidence level and 4 degree of freedom the first nul hypothesis which sate that electronic Banking enhanced Unity Bank efficiency is accepted. 4.3.2HYPOTHESIS TWO Electronic banking does not have impact on the overall performance of the bank Table 4.13 Chi-Square table o the overall performance of the Bank Respondent view O; Ei Oi-Ei (Oi-Ei) Strongly agree 13 7 6 365.14 Agree 167981 11.57 Undecided 27-5 25 3,57 Disagree 27-5 25 3.57 Strongly Disagree 17-6 36 5.14 Total 35 35 0 171 28.99 Source: Computer from Data 2010 Therefore Z2 (Chi-Square) value calculated is 28.99 The Degree of freedom K – 1,5- 1= 4 Using the statistical table to find the value of Z2 4; 0.05 the result is = 9.4877 Therefore x2 Calculator = 28.99 X2 Tabulation = 9.4877 Decision rule: Since x2 Calculated is greater than x2 Tabulation (28.9979.4877) at 5% confidence level and 4 degree of freedom the second null hypothesis is rejected and 49 the alternative hypothesis which start that Unity Bank Plc Electronic banking have impact on the overall performance of the banks is accepted. 4.3.3HYPOTHESIS THEE Table 4.14 Chi Square table on the fortune of Unity Bank Respondent view Oi Ei Oi – Ei ( Oi – Ei) Strongly Agree 17 7 10 100 14.28 Agree 13 7 6 36 5.14 Undecided 37 – 4 162.28 Disagree 2 7 – 5 25 3.57 Strongly Disagree 07 -7 49 7 Total 35 35 0 226 32.24 Source: Computed from Data 2019 (Chi – Square) Value Calculated is 32 .27 the degree of freedom K-1, 5-1 = 4 Using the Statistical table to find the value of Z2 4; 0.05 the result is = 9.4877 Dose not comply with the CBN electronic Banking Guideline Table 4.16 Chi – Square Table o the CBN Electronic Banking Guidelines Respondents view Oi Ei Oi – Ei ( Oi – Ei) Strongly Agree 19 7 12 144 20.57 Agree 14 77 49 7 Undecided 07 – 7 49 5.14 Strongly: computed from Data 2010 Therefore Z2 (Chi – Square ) value calculated is 44.85 the degree of freedom k-1, 5-1 = 4 Using the statistical table to find the value Z2 4; 0.05 the result is = 9.4877 Therefore x2 Calculated = 44.85 X2 Tabulation = 9.4877 52 Decision rule = since X2 Calculator is greater than X2 Tabulated (44.857 9.4877) at 5% confidence level and 4 degree of freedom the second null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis which started that Unity Bank Electronic Banking Guidelines comply with CBN electronic banking Guideline is accepted. 4.3.5DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS From the above analysis it is seen that in hypothesis one, you can see that respondents agreed that electronic banking does not have prospect in Unity Bank In hypothesis we can also see that respondent agreed that electronic banking does not enhance the fortune of Unity Bank Hypothesis four shows that respondents strongly agreed that the Unity Bank Electronic Banking does not improve its bank customer relationship hypothesis Five shows that respondents strongly agree that Unity Bank electronic comply with the CNB Electronic Banking Guideline. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Summary The study was carried out in order to assess the impact of electronic banking system in Unity Bank. The general introduction aspect shade more light on the essential of electronic banking. Many literature and academic publication from different authors in publication from different authors in electronic banking product emerging issues in electronic. In the cause of this research the research was able to find out that origin of electronic banking system which started in Nigeria in 1952 Also the prospect of electronic banking was looked into critically electronic banking improve the fortune of Unity Banks this was achieved by adopting the CBN banking guidelines 5.2CONCLUSION Based I the summary of the major finding the following conclusions are draw: 1. The adoption of electronic banking has enhanced Unity Bank efficient by making it more productive and effectives 2. Electronic Banking also has a strong impact on the overall banking performance by making workers performance more effective and efficiency. 3. The adoption of electronic banking gas enhanced the fortune of the bank this is achieved through bank charges cheque withdrawal slip and withdrawal charges. 4. The electronic banking has improved the bank customer relationship by rendering effective service throughout the week customers can now have access to their account outside working hours to make withdrawal to attend to their needs. 5. The electronic banking guidelines introduces by CBN strongly helps in effective electronic banking system. Withdrawal can be made anywhere at any time and using any bank ATM machine customer cannot withdraw more than some certain amount to allowed other customers have access to the cash and money can be transfer from one place to another through electronic means. In general conclusion the electronic banking has made banking transaction to be easier by bringing service closer to the customers 5.3RECOMMENDATIONS In order to give the growing trends of information and communication technology (ICT) which involves net banking and e-commerce in banks a vision in the right directions, the following strategies are recommended for further following up: 1. The banks must be focused in teams of their needs and using the right technology to achieve goals rather than accruing technology of internet banking because other banks have it 2. Government participation in ensuring focused telecommunication industry must be visible to reduce or remove avoidable costs of implementing e-commerce and internet banking 3. Regulatory authorities like CBN (Central Bank of Nigeria) must stipulate standard for the banks to follow to avoid making Nigeria Banking Sector a dumping ground for the outdated technological infrastructure. REFERENCES Amedu, U.M (2005) Domestic electronic payment in Nigeria: The challenges, Central Bank of Nigeria Bullion Vol, 29 No1, January/March. Bank for international settlements (2001) committee on payment and settlement system Survey of electronic money development prepared by the committee on payment and settlement system of the Central Banks of the Group of Ten Countries November. Beerentsen, A. (1998) Monetary policy implication of Digital Money Kyklos Vol. SI. PP 89 117 Berry M.J.A; Linoff, G.S (1999) Mastering Data mining: the Art and science of customers relationship managing, New York: John Wily & Sons. PP. 57 61 Central Bank of Nigeria (2003) report of the technical Committee on electronic Banking , February Cohen, Benjamin J. (2001) Electronic Money: New Day or False Dawn? Review of international polical Economy Vol. 8. PP 197-225 Connel F. and Salen M.N (2004) Six puzzles in electronic Money and Banking IMF working paper IMF institute. Vol. 19. February. Davenport T.H (1993) process innovation Reengineering work through information technology Boston: Harvard Business School press pp. 30 – 35. Financial standard Newspaper (2006) Vol 7 No. 28 April, pp3. Freedom C. (2000) monetary policy implementation: past, present, and Future will Electronic Money Lead to the Eventual Demise of Central Banking? International Finance Vol. 3, No. pp. 211 – 27 Friedman B. (1999). The future of Monetary Policy: The Central Bank as an Army with Only a Signal Corps? International Financial, Vol. 2. No. 3 pp. 321 – 38. Goodhart Charles A.E (2000) can Central Bank Survive the IT Revolution? International Finance Vol. 3, No. 2 pp. 189 – 209 Hackathorn. R (2003) Factor for Implementing Active Data warehousing datawarehouse. Com. Halleiner. E (1998) Electronic Money: A Challenge to the Sovereign state? Journal of international Affairs, Vol. 51, 387 – 400. Heilinger. M. Bingerhut. S. (2002) Business Activity Monitoring EAI meets Data Warehousing EAI Journal. July, pp 18 – 21. King M. (1999) Challenges for monetary policy:New and Old Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin November pp 307 – 415 Koutsoyiannis A. (1991) Theory of Econometric Hampshire: Macmillan Limited. Lee B. and Longe – Akindemowo O. (1999) Regulatory issues in Electronic Money A Leg el – Economics Analysis, Netnomics, Vol. 1, pp 53 – 70. APPENDIX Department of Banking and finance, Osun State Polytechnic Iree Osun – State, Nigeria May 14, 2013 Dear Respondent, I am an HND student in the above name Department and institution presently conducting a research on â€Å"The Impact of Electronic Banking in Nigeria Banking System (Critical Appraisal of Unity Bank Plc)† in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of HND. The finding are Strictly to be used for academic purpose only. Thank you sparing your time to participate in the study N.B Please tick [ ] in the appropriate box provided to indicate your answers. 1. What is your academic qualification? OND [ ] HND [ ] B.sc [ ] M.sc/MBA [ ] PHD [ ] 2. How long have your been in the service of Unity Bank Plc? 1-5 years [ ] 6-10 years [ ] 11-15 years [ ] 16-20 years [ ] 21 years above [ ] 3. Which category of cadre do you belong? Junior Credit Officer [ ] Senior Credit Officer [ ] 4. Which of these department do you have? ACA [ ] CIBN [ ] Certified Auditor [ ] Certified Information System [ ] 5. Which of these department do you belong to? HR [ ] Clearing Cash Manager [ ] Business Development [ ] Information Technology Credit and Marketing [ ] 6. Which category of threat does Unity Bank places more impression? Adequate security [ ] Legal Threat [ ] ATM fraud risk poor [ ] 7. How can you assess the incidence threat of Unity Bank electronic bank system? High [ ] Low [ ] Moderate [ ] 8. How can you assess the overall performances of Unity Bank electronic Banking? System Excellent [ ] Very Good [ ] Fair [ ] Poor [ ] 9. Unity Bank Plc has training program on information technology for its staff. 10. Introduction of electronic banking has eased banking transaction 11. The introduction of electronic banking has improved customer satisfaction. 12. Electronic banking hence its effectiveness and efficiency Unity Bank. 13. Unity Bank Plc electronic banking have impact of its overall performance of the bank 14. Adoption of electronic banking would enhance the fortune of the bank. 15. Unity Bank electronic banking improves its bank customer’s relationship. 16. The bank electronic banking guidelines comply with CBN electronic banking guidelines.

Free Essays on DARE Program

Using Force Against Iraq President George Bush has requested authority to use force against Iraq, and is currently waiting for Congress to give the â€Å"thumb’s up.† Other countries such as Russia and France have voiced strong reservations to a new resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq. I feel we should have the support of the United Nations before taking any military action against a country that may possess biological, chemical or nuclear weapons. According to the publication titled Non-conventional-weapons Proliferation in the Middle East written in 1993 by Efraim Karsh, the term â€Å"biological weapons† is little understood and little appreciated by the public at large. All too often, biological warfare conjures up images of uncontrollable epidemics. This by far is not the case. The aggressor uses this form of violence to attack a targeted population and makes sure that the one who delivers this weapon is well protected either by immunization or respirator. The outcome for the attacked population will be incapacitation or even death. I think that if we go after a country that may possess these types of weapons, we will be putting American lives at risk. We can’t control what one has in their own backyard. How do we know what type of retaliation may or may not occur if we attack such an unstable country? The answer is, â€Å"we don’t!† Iraq as we all know possesses chemical weapons. As stated on the Chemical and Biological weapons resource page, http://cns.miis.edu/researchcbw/possess.htm, in 1972 they were running a previously active production program of anthrax, botulinum toxin and ricin. All of these agents can be deadly. Now, in the absence of the United Nations weapons inspectors, who know’s what they are creating now. This frightens me. We have seen over the past year what anthrax can do, and we also know that the government doesn’t have enough vaccine for everyo... Free Essays on DARE Program Free Essays on DARE Program Using Force Against Iraq President George Bush has requested authority to use force against Iraq, and is currently waiting for Congress to give the â€Å"thumb’s up.† Other countries such as Russia and France have voiced strong reservations to a new resolution authorizing the use of force against Iraq. I feel we should have the support of the United Nations before taking any military action against a country that may possess biological, chemical or nuclear weapons. According to the publication titled Non-conventional-weapons Proliferation in the Middle East written in 1993 by Efraim Karsh, the term â€Å"biological weapons† is little understood and little appreciated by the public at large. All too often, biological warfare conjures up images of uncontrollable epidemics. This by far is not the case. The aggressor uses this form of violence to attack a targeted population and makes sure that the one who delivers this weapon is well protected either by immunization or respirator. The outcome for the attacked population will be incapacitation or even death. I think that if we go after a country that may possess these types of weapons, we will be putting American lives at risk. We can’t control what one has in their own backyard. How do we know what type of retaliation may or may not occur if we attack such an unstable country? The answer is, â€Å"we don’t!† Iraq as we all know possesses chemical weapons. As stated on the Chemical and Biological weapons resource page, http://cns.miis.edu/researchcbw/possess.htm, in 1972 they were running a previously active production program of anthrax, botulinum toxin and ricin. All of these agents can be deadly. Now, in the absence of the United Nations weapons inspectors, who know’s what they are creating now. This frightens me. We have seen over the past year what anthrax can do, and we also know that the government doesn’t have enough vaccine for everyo...

Homoaexuals and their Struggles essays

Homoaexuals and their Struggles essays Who are we to judge? Well people sometimes judge other people just because... a person is different. What I mean by different is not just the way they look but the way they identify themselves as; and judgments such as that is nasty, you are gay or what a lesbo, what a dyke are aimed at homosexuals. But what are homosexuals and why are they considered to be part of the marginalized groups? Homosexuals have different sexual orientation then majority of mainstream American and some view this sexual orientation as something inferior or in defiance of social values (Strommem, 1). People might have feared or hated homosexuals because of some of the myths they hear about. There are myths about how homosexuality is deviance and how homosexuals introduce HIV/AIDS to society. From these myths people began to develop homophobia and a lot of them have physically and verbally abused homosexuals. For many years homosexuals have been afraid to come out and admit their sexual orientation but after being victims to various hate crimes and exploitations, many homosexuals are coming out from the closet to fight for their rights. Maybe homosexuals should have the same civil rights protection like every other citizen of the United States. After all the Constitution did say that every citizen is endowed with the rights to pursuit life, liberty, and happiness. Many people have agreed with this, have sided with the homosexual protesting, but there are still a lot of people in mainstream society that do not believe that gay and lesbians deserve civil rights protection because most of mainstream society are still ignorant and feel that homosexuals are threat to society. The majority of people are heterosexual who are attracted to the opposite sex and homosexuals might be aliens to them since no one really know what caused homosexuality. In definition, homosexuality is the attrac...

The Success of Woolworths Essays

The Success of Woolworths Essays The Success of Woolworths Essay The Success of Woolworths Essay The following report will investigate the Australian retail/grocery supermarket Woolworths and its parent company Woolworths Limited. This report will explore the success Woolworths and its contribution to the Australian economy. It will examine the following subjects: * About Woolworths * Business Structure * Responsibilities to Stakeholders * Internal and External Influences * Strategies for Future Growth About Woolworths Woolworths is a conventional supermarket owned by Woolworths Limited. It started as a basement store in Pitt Street in 1924, and is now one of the leading competitors in the supermarket business.With over 850 stores in Australia, and 110,000 Woolworths staff, they provide their customers with great service, products and price. With 96% of their fresh fruits and vegetables are Australian grown and 100% of their beef is Australian made, the aim to live to their slogan ‘the fresh food people’. They aim to develop long-term relatio nships with their producers and farmers, to have a consistent quality of fresh produces. Business Structure * Size Woolworths is classified as a national company. * Location Woolworths run their business in Australia, having a store in almost every regional and metropolitan area. Industry Type Woolworths is a tertiary retail company, providing the service to sell products made from other companies. * Legal Structure Woolworths is a subsidiary company, owned by Woolworths Limited. Responsibilities to Stakeholders Woolworths holds many responsibilities that their various stakeholders expect. They have taken the measure to make sure that the correct steps are taken to uphold these responsibilities. Stakeholders| Responsibility| Measures Taken| Investors| Competitive ROI, and being informed on the path the company takes| Quarterly investor briefings, open to all shareholders. Employees| Safe and healthy workplace | ‘Destination ZERO’, a project that plans to have zero harm to the employees. | Customers| Great service, and value for their money| Monitoring on the Australian shopping behavior and implements ideas that benefit the customers| Environment| Minimizing the impact on climate change and carbon footprint| $55. 7 million was spent energy efficient technology| Internal and External Influences Woolworths has been impacted both internally and externally to become what it is today. They have responded to these influences as they see fit.Internal Influences Marketing Strategies Woolworths has capitalized on the idea of becoming ‘the fresh food people’. They have implemented various different ways to approach the customers by informing them of healthy food choices, as well as fresh food facts. They have created a website that informs them of how and where their produces are made. They create commercials of ‘Fresh Market Update’, which summarizes which fruits and vegetables are in season. Their magazines, the Fresh magazine an d Australian Good Taste, are a monthly magazine that shows healthy recipes to recreate.This marketing push on their slogan reassures the customers that their choice in retailer to buy from is the healthiest choice. Location With over 850 store across Australia, customers are much more connected to the business. They are located in almost every metropolitan and regional area, with their fruits and meat suppliers close to the eastern suburbs. Figure 1 Source: woolworthsfacts. com. au/our-suppliers. php This strategy to keep most of their supplier close to the eastern suburbs can significantly decrease travel time; make sure they have the freshest fruits and meat to sell.Not only does their supplier’s location important, but also the store’s location is also strategically placed. As most of their stores are located in suburb areas, they are located in shopping centres that could attract the most visibility and exposure. Figure 2 Source: woolworthsfacts. com. au/our-supp liers. php Figure [ 2 ] Source: woolworthsfacts. com. au/our-suppliers. php Visibility Directly linking to location, visibility for any business is crucial for attracting customers. Woolworths can be located in different shopping centres that may also contain other competing supermarkets.This allows the customer to compare their prices to their competitors. Another benefit for visibility having exposure in busy and populated areas. For example, Woolworths’ large store in Pitt Street, Sydney is in a central hub of the city. They are able to gain a large amount of visibility and can attract the potential customers walking past. External Influences Economical The typical Australian household is budgeting their expenses due to the rising prices of everyday living. They have counteracted this by giving their customers a special sale of a different variety of products every week.This has allowed the customers to be able to spend less but still be able to get the same products they desired. Technology The accelerating technology today is rapidly increasing and people are becoming more connected to each other. The use of apps in phones is becoming more frequent and everything is becoming on-the-go. Woolworths has created a Woolworths App to seek an opportunity to connect to this audience. It is able to tell what is on season, what products are on special, as well as being able to create shopping lists with prices.Social Media The rise of technology has also given the rise to social networks. Many companies have risen to generate publicity within these social networks. Websites such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube are the few names that Woolworths has created its Internet publicity. Strategies for Future Growth International Presence As of now, Woolworths is a household name across Australia. It is known best for its fresh produces and service. Their presence in the world has already reached New Zealand, with over 100 stores.A strategy for growth could be spre ading to different countries neighboring Australia, such as the South East Asian countries. This can help build relationships with neighboring countries and able to seek new customers on an international level. Pre-Prepared Meals and Home delivery Another recommendation would be having pre-prepared meals delivered to the doorstep. A problem most family households have is having the time to shop in the supermarket and cook. These pre-prepared meals will start off as a survey on how large your family is, as well as the variety of food they like to eat.These deliveries will also contain the other items you would likely get from the store. Summary The report above addresses Woolworths and its parent company Woolworths Limited the success and contribution to the Australian economy. The report identifies its business structure, responsibility to their stakeholders, explained 6 various influences (both internal and external) to their success in Australia and recommends strategies for futur e growth.