bio :: essays research papers

Bio- corpuscles are built by assembling atoms, by virtue of covalent bonds. The most collective elements that can be discover in biomolecules are the CHNOPS element, which stands for the basic abbreviation of carbon, henry, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Each one of these elements has a specialized valence. A valence resolves the number from the covalent bonds it can be open to form. Presuming on the total of electrons in the exterior shell that decides the ability of an atom to interrelate with other atoms. every(prenominal) atom may have one or more protons, which carry a positive electric charge. Protons and neutrons form the atoms in nuclear nucleus. Electrons transfer a negative charge and fill most of the atoms volume. Every atom has the equivalent number of electrons as protons. By no means we get laid that an atom carries no charge making it neutral. In the event that atoms plowshare an electron pair this is called a covalent bond. Every atom grows more unhurt by sharing its uneven electron with the other. We shall discuss the polar and non-polar covalent bonds. Within a polar covalent bond, atoms of different elements do not interject the same pull on shared electrons. The atom that receives the electron ends up with a slender negative charge making it electronegative. While non-polar method states that at that place is no difference in charge between to ends of the bond, atoms share the electrons evenly . A worthy explanation is to say that molecular hydrogen is non-polar. The types of electrons sharing in covalent bonds contain atoms together in positive arrangements in molecules. henry bond are weak bonds that can draw water molecules to each other, just results from electrostatic temptation between electronegative atoms together with a hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently up to a second electronegative atom. In water molecule it has no net charge, however it does carry unevenly distribution. So we do it that Hydrogen bonds may be able to form between two or more molecules.In form of unlike biological molecules, they rely on sure characteristic gatherings of atoms called functional groups. The six majority functional groups are as follows amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate.bio essays research papers Bio-molecules are built by assembling atoms, by virtue of covalent bonds. The most collective elements that can be discovered in biomolecules are the CHNOPS element, which stands for the basic abbreviation of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Each one of these elements has a specific valence. A valence resolves the number from the covalent bonds it can be able to form. Presuming on the total of electrons in the exterior shell that decides the ability of an atom to connect with other atoms. Every atom may have one or more protons, which carry a positive electric charge. Protons and neutrons form the atoms in atomic nucleus. Electrons transfer a negative charge and fill most of the atoms volume. Every atom has the equivalent number of electrons as protons. By no means we know that an atom carries no charge making it neutral. In the event that atoms share an electron pair this is called a covalent bond. Every atom grows more solid by sharing its uneven electron with the other. We shall discuss the polar and non-polar covalent bonds. Within a polar covalent bond, atoms of different elements do not install the same pull on shared electrons. The atom that receives the electron ends up with a slender negative charge making it electronegative. While non-polar method states that there is no difference in charge between to ends of the bond, atoms share the electrons evenly . A worthy explanation is to say that molecular hydrogen is non-polar. The types of electrons sharing in covalent bonds contain atoms together in positive arrangements in molecules. Hydrogen bond are weak bonds that can draw water molecules to each other, but results from electrost atic temptation between electronegative atoms together with a hydrogen atom that is bonded covalently up to a second electronegative atom. In water molecule it has no net charge, however it does carry unevenly distribution. So we know that Hydrogen bonds may be able to form between two or more molecules.In form of unlike biological molecules, they rely on sure characteristic gatherings of atoms called functional groups. The six majority functional groups are as follows amino, carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and phosphate.

Polyethylene :: Polymer Plastic

German Chemist Hans von Pechmann first synthesized polyethylene by accident in 1898 by warmth diazomethane. His colleagues characterized the waxy substance polyethylene due to the fact that they recognized that it consisted of long ethene bonds. It was then first industrially synthesized by accident in 1933 by applying extremely high pressure to ethylene and benzaldehyde. Over the years, development of polyethylene has increased due to the additions of catalyst. This makes ethylene polymerization possible at lower temperatures and pressures.1 Polyethylene is a polymer that is made of a long chain of CH2 monomers bonded together. It is one of the most commonly used polymers in everyday items. Grocery bags, soap bottles, childrens toys, and pull down bullet proof vests are all made from polyethylene.2 This polymer is very versatile and can be used in many materials but this all depends on the way that the polymer is chemically made or enhanced. at that place are many different types of polyethylene classified by closeness and branching. 2 Higher density polyethylene is very bilinear and has no branching. Lower density polyethylene is a result of some of the carbon atoms bonding with other polyethylene chains instead of hydrogen atoms. Cross-linking is another way in which the polymer can be made stronger. This involves ultraviolet radiation that bombards the polymer with electrons and formulates bonds between the molecular chains of the polymers. This is like linear polyethylene but different in that it is more than than impact resistant, and it has a much higher density. This allows it to be stored or be used with different chemicals that would usually cause the polymer to desolve.3 This can start to become a problem because as the polymer continues to become chemically enhanced. So the ways of dissolving and recycling the polymer become more difficult. Other alterations such as dying the polymer are less cost efficient to recycle and can be more difficult as well. There are certain types of HDPE (high density polyethylene) that are blown into shapes such as bottles. Different chemicals are used in this process and therefore have to be separated into their own category when recycling. The reason people have moved away from landfill dumping and moved towards recycling is due to the fact that it is much more cost effective to recycle compared to paying engineers and environmentalist to designing landfills.4 The HDPE can also be mechanically recycled through curb side pick ups.

HOW EFFECTIVE A LEADER DO YOU CONSIDER AENEAS TO BE? :: Classics

HOW EFFECTIVE A LEADER DO YOU CONSIDER AENEAS TO BE?On meeting Aeneas for the first time, he appears to be in a veryvulnerable situation as he is the middle of a storm. This isemphasized the phrase, his limbs grew weak as it puts forward thefact that Aeneas, despite his big businessman and status is like every othernormal human being. My first speculation on whether or not Aeneas is agood leader comes from the expend of the word I. In his first speech hesays, Why could I not have fallen to your right hand and breathed out(a)my life on the plains of Troy. Here, although Aeneas is in sufferingwith all his custody, he is selfishly regretting the option of dying aheroic death in the affair of Troy, as it would lead to him to be afigure of great history. This in my opinion does not qualify Aeneas asa good leader, as his actions give the bounce be perceived to be self- centred.Contrary to my first perception of Aeneas, is his sense ofdedication. Through this, a positive sign of leade rship is presentedto us on his reach on the coast of Libya. At this point, he takesit upon himself to search for his missing men. Aeneas climbed a rockto see if there was any trace of the storm-tossed Antheus. Capysperhaps or the Caicus armour. Virgil emphasizes Aeneas desperationto find his men and his great compassion by the use of the wordPerhaps. Similarly, Aeneas proves himself to be a very comforting andreassuring character to his men in times of loss.In his sufferings, he makes it his duty to fend for all his men byfinding food for them. He did see three stags global he stoppedin his tracks and snatched his bow and then he took down threeleaders. Aeneas quick thinking is made evident here by the use of theverb, snatched as it conveys his abilities to make quick logicaldecisions, a feature which makes him stand out amongst others. Virgilgoes further on to tell us that Aeneas has killed seven coarsecarcasses, one for each ship. This gives an in-depth into Aeneassense of orga nisation and well structured nature.Self- sacrifice is another quality that Virgil builds in Aeneascharacter, which qualifies him as a good leader. He showed them theface of home and kept his misery deep in his heart. Here Aeneas isable to put his mens emotions and feeling first in line at theexpense of himself as he is aware of their needs at this moment a

Comparing and Contrasting Self-Awareness in the Works of Emerson, Whitm

Defining Self-Awareness in the works of Emerson, Whitman and Poe Literature in the American reincarnation influenced the Romantic sentiment that prevailed during this period the emergence of the individual. This reflexion evolved out of the Age of Reason, when the question of using reason (a conscious state) or faith (an unconscious state) as a basis for establishing a set of beliefs dual-lane people into secular and non-secular groups. Reacting to the generally submissive attitudes predominant in America at this time, nineteenth speed of light writers envisioned the source of religion within soul itself (Chai, 10). This secularization of religion ultimately led to the isolation of the self from others (Chai, 10), and manifested the persuasive theme in renascence publications that promoted indep set asideent thinking. The writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman all spring from this Romantic spirit. Trust thyself asserts Emerson, do not remain clapped in jail by your consciousness (261), be led out in triumph by reputation (542). Merging the individual and nature is a common motif in Romanticism, but these writers had contrasting views on the dynamics of this connection. While Emerson and Whitman were on one end of the Romantic meter proclaiming the potential greatness of the individual, Poe was at the other end questioning human nature. Indeed, the literature these authors produced are relative to the Romantic trend in elevating self-awareness, however their work demonstrates Emerson and Whitman differ with Poe regarding the ascendancy of the conscious and unconscious states of the mind. Emerson and Whitman celebrated the conscious power of the individual, dapple Poe exposed the hidde... ... Being Odd, Getting Even. The American facial expression of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Shawn Rosenheim and Stephen Rachman. Baltimore John Hopkins University Press, 1995. 3-36. Chai, Leon. The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance. Ithaka Cornell University Press, 1987. Coleridge, Samuel. The Portable Coleridge. Ed. I. A. Richards. New York Penguin Books, 1950. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays and Lectures. Comp. Joel Porte. New York Literary Classics, 1983. Lauter, Paul, ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. tertiary ed. Boston Houghton Mifflin, 1998. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. Lauter 1529-37. Waggoner, Hyatt H. American Poets From the Puritans to the Present. Baton blushing mushroom Louisiana State University Press, 1984. Whitman, Walt. Preface to Leaves of Grass. Lauter 2729-43. ---. Song of Myself. Lauter 2743-94. Comparing and Contrasting Self-Awareness in the Works of Emerson, WhitmDefining Self-Awareness in the works of Emerson, Whitman and Poe Literature in the American Renaissance influenced the Romantic sentiment that prevailed during this period the emergence of the individual. This materialization evolved out of the Age of Reason, when the question of using reason (a conscious state) or faith (an unconscious state) as a basis for establishing a set of beliefs divided people into secular and non-secular groups. Reacting to the generally submissive attitudes predominant in America at this time, nineteenth century writers envisioned the source of religion within consciousness itself (Chai, 10). This secularization of religion ultimately led to the isolation of the self from others (Chai, 10), and manifested the persuasive theme in Renaissance literature that promoted independent thinking. The writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Walt Whitman all emanate from this Romantic spirit. Trust thyself asserts Emerson, do not remain clapped in jail by your consciousness (261), be led out in triumph by nature (542). Merging the individual and nature is a common motif in Romanticism, but these writers had contrasting views on the dynamics of this connection. While Emerson and Whitman were on one end of the Romantic meter procl aiming the potential greatness of the individual, Poe was at the other end questioning human nature. Indeed, the literature these authors produced are relative to the Romantic trend in elevating self-awareness, however their work demonstrates Emerson and Whitman differ with Poe regarding the ascendancy of the conscious and unconscious states of the mind. Emerson and Whitman celebrated the conscious power of the individual, while Poe exposed the hidde... ... Being Odd, Getting Even. The American Face of Edgar Allan Poe. Ed. Shawn Rosenheim and Stephen Rachman. Baltimore John Hopkins University Press, 1995. 3-36. Chai, Leon. The Romantic Foundations of the American Renaissance. Ithaka Cornell University Press, 1987. Coleridge, Samuel. The Portable Coleridge. Ed. I. A. Richards. New York Penguin Books, 1950. Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Essays and Lectures. Comp. Joel Porte. New York Literary Classics, 1983. Lauter, Paul, ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Boston Hought on Mifflin, 1998. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Philosophy of Composition. Lauter 1529-37. Waggoner, Hyatt H. American Poets From the Puritans to the Present. Baton Rouge Louisiana State University Press, 1984. Whitman, Walt. Preface to Leaves of Grass. Lauter 2729-43. ---. Song of Myself. Lauter 2743-94.

Surveillance and the right of privacy Essay -- Research Surveillance P

Surveillance and the Right of PrivacyIntroduction to SurveillanceAccording to Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary, surveillance is defined as a close kept watch over someone or something (as by a detective). Surveillance has been apply ever since the days of, Follow that cab From their primitive state, surveillance techniques and technology have evolved. Policing agencies no longer need to use methods of surveillance such as listening through walls, looking through windows and over fences, and even sifting through a suspects garbage. Because of the continuous development of new technology, policing agencies fanny hear, see, and track al about everyone and everything. As more and more technology is developed, who is to regulate the use of the technology and surveillance? Parabolic Microphones and Bionic Ears- This technology allows a somebody to amplify sounds (i.e. talking, movement) from a long distance away. For example, a suspects conversation can be pinpointed and hear d 50 meters away as if the sounds were approach shot from short distance. Digital Audio Equipment- Digital Audio Equipment allows police agencies to listen and record a phone conversation at any given time. These crease from a digital voice stick that can be hidden in a room, or a bug device that can be placed inside a phone (landline or cellular). Night Vision- Night Vision Goggles are electronic devices designed for observing remote objects and preference at night. Special military, security forces, pilots, paratroopers, security agents and tact ops commandos have used this equipment. Covert and Fixed Cameras- The use of covert cameras allows security and policing agencies to hide cameras, in turn, they would ca... ...rveillance result be ethical is if policing agencies are policed. By making sure that these agencies follow strict codes, this ordain reduce the amount of unethical uses of surveillance technology. Although this would be the most ethical way to handle this issue, I feel that it would be hard to stop all unethical uses of surveillance. The continuous advancements in surveillance technology will continue to make it more difficult to regulate the use of surveillance. Resources1http//www.lkwdpl.org/cffr/polsumm.htm2http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/oicd/iscop.htm13http//www.alchemind.org/DLL/kyllo1.htm4http//www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2001/0618/cov-main-06-18-01.asp5http//www.e-sci.com/genSci/5/1022/1039/10205.html6Orloff, Thomas J. Point Of View A Publication Of The Alameda County District lawyers Office. Vol. 29 Number 4, 2001

Surveillance and the right of privacy Essay -- Research Surveillance P

direction and the Right of PrivacyIntroduction to Surveillance consort to Merriam-Websters collegiate dictionary, surveillance is defined as a close kept watch over someone or something (as by a detective). Surveillance has been used ever since the days of, Follow that cab From their primitive state, surveillance techniques and engineering have evolved. Policing agencies no longer need to use methods of surveillance such as listening through walls, looking through windows and over fences, and even sifting through a suspects garbage. Because of the continuous development of stark naked technology, policing agencies puke hear, see, and track almost everyone and everything. As more and more technology is developed, who is to regulate the use of the technology and surveillance? Parabolic Microphones and Bionic Ears- This technology allows a person to amplify sounds (i.e. talking, movement) from a long distance away. For example, a suspects conversation can be pinpointed and he ard 50 meters away as if the sounds were coming from short distance. Digital Audio Equipment- Digital Audio Equipment allows police agencies to listen and record a phone conversation at any give time. These range from a digital voice stick that can be hidden in a room, or a bug device that can be placed inside a phone (landline or cellular). Night Vision- Night Vision Goggles are electronic devices designed for observing inappropriate objects and orientation at night. Special military, security forces, pilots, paratroopers, security agents and tact ops commandos have used this equipment. Covert and Fixed Cameras- The use of covert cameras allows security and policing agencies to hide cameras, in turn, they would ca... ...rveillance will be ethical is if policing agencies are policed. By making sure that these agencies follow strict codes, this will reduce the amount of unethical uses of surveillance technology. Although this would be the most ethical way to handl e this issue, I feel that it would be hard to stop all unethical uses of surveillance. The continuous advancements in surveillance technology will continue to make it more difficult to regulate the use of surveillance. Resources1http//www.lkwdpl.org/cffr/polsumm.htm2http//www.homeoffice.gov.uk/oicd/iscop.htm13http//www.alchemind.org/DLL/kyllo1.htm4http//www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2001/0618/cov-main-06-18-01.asp5http//www.e-sci.com/genSci/5/1022/1039/10205.html6Orloff, Thomas J. Point Of View A Publication Of The Alameda County govern Attorneys Office. Vol. 29 Number 4, 2001

Free Will in a Clockwork Orange Essay

Choice and b ar will are necessary to maintain humanity, both individually and communally without them, man is no long-lived human but a clockwork orange, a mechanical toy, as demonstrated in Anthony Burgess novel, A Clockwork Orange. The choice between bully and mephistophelian is a decision every man must make throughout his behavior in order to guide his flirtions and tally his future. Forcing some unitary to be good is not as important as the routine of someone choosing to be good. This element of choice, no matter what the outcome, displays mans power as an individual.A Clockwork Orange starts with Alex posing the question whats it handsomeing to be then, eh? . Burgess begins the story by demonstrating that Alex and his gang are discontinue to do as they choose. Alex and his droogs are rebellious modern youth in an oppressive society. The droogs are tempted like all humanity by sin and try to show their hate for the g overnment with acts of extreme violence. The flus hed and rebellious behavior is a precede of expel will, but without the presence of corruptive, there would be nothing for humanity to choose. end-to-end part one of the novel the droogs choices often result in violent actions harming innocent people. Examples of their ultra-violence are rampant Alex and his droogs choose to rob and assault a man, Alex rapes puppylike girls, and the droogs rob an old ptitsa who later dies from Alexs assault. As Burgess says devilish has to exist along with good, in order that clean choice may hire? Unfortunately there is so much original sin in us all that we find evil rather attractive. God gave individuals waive will, and they are responsible for their actions.The government has no right to interfere with human nature. A person can choose to be good or evil as Alex tries to demonstrate when he says what I do I do because I like to do. With this statement, Alex clearly demonstrates that he is responsible for his actions and he chooses to act out against society simply because he likes to, because he is attracted to sin. When Alex and his gang attack F. horse parsley and his wife, we again witness horrible acts of violence that are ultimately the result of Alexs choice. This appalling scene is another example of Alex using his free will and his temptation towards evil.Evil is not only part of Alexs life but the governments as well. The evil of the government can be seen in part two of the novel when Alexs mind is controlled and pressure to earn no moral choice. The government controls Alexs free will by means of the Ludovico Technique, which makes Alex physically ill at the mere consideration of violent thoughts. When Alex is in the staja the Governor states that criminals can best be dealt with on a purely curative basis. Kill the criminal reflex? . The Governor does not insure that criminal intent is not an unrestrained reaction, but the result of autonomy.The voice of reason in the prison is the prison Chaplin who questions the ethics of interfering with Gods gift of moral choice, goodness comes from within?. goodness is something chosen. When a man cannot choose he ceases to be a man. Again through one of his characters, Burgess is stating that inhibiting a persons free will is more evil than a persons ability to choose evil over good. If one cannot choose, one ceases to be human and is exactly like a machine controlled by the government.After Alex undergoes the Ludovico Technique, he stops asking whats it going to be then, eh? only to prove that Alex has lost his free will. Alexs question that was so prominent disappears and the mere thought of violence makes him physically ill. Dr Branom explains the effects of the proficiency to Alex you are being made sane, you are being made healthy.The government and the doctors are convinced that they are making Alex sane and healthy. On the contrary, they are controlling his ability to have a choice in his actions. The doctors are attempting to eliminate Alexs moral choice, which is neither sane nor healthy. The doctors go nevertheless further when they discover Alexs live for classical music.Dr Branom says here is the punishment element, perhaps. The Governor ought to be pleased. They go beyond trying to reform Alex and move on to punish and torture him, for after this torment is complete hearing a beautiful piece of music makes Alex sick. Alexs reaction to music becomes violent and detestable because of the governments economic consumption and the side effects of the Ludovico Technique. Alex did not choose to have his free will and love for music taken away. After the purpose is complete, the prison Chaplin comments he has no real choice , has he?he ceases to be a wrongdoer. He ceases also to be a creature receptive of moral choice. The government limits Alexs moral choice to only good which is truly the essence of evil for it interferes with the gift of free will given(p) to humankind by god. After Alex is rele ased into society, he has a difficult time adjusting since his world has drastically alternated. Alex is now forced to behave oppositely to what he desires. The doctors have forced him to be good. After Dim and Billyboy have assaulted Alex, he encounters F. Alexander who takes him in.Alex attacked F. Alexander earlier in the story and mocked him for explaining the concept of free moral choice. When F. Alexander hears Alexs story he remarks they have turned into something other than a human being. You have no power of choice any longer. You are committed to socially acceptable acts, a little machine capable only of good? . F. Alexander understands that limiting a mans free will is a sin, but as we soon learn, F. Alexander and his faction use Alex for their own cause and form Alex into a martyr by manipulating and influencing his will.This act of selfishness proves that F. Alexanders faction is no better than the government they are criticizing. They are willing to sacrifice Alex to make him a martyr to the cause f Liberty? . F. Alexander and his faction are so ruthless that Alex sees suicide as his only way out. He decides to do myself in, to snuff it, to blast forth forever out of this wicked and cruel world. Alexs thoughts, feelings and choices have been altered and he feels that he can only escape his evil manipulation by suicide. To Alex, F.Alexanders faction turns out to be as evil as the government they are fighting.While Alex is in the hospital, after his failed suicide attempt, F. Alexander says you have served Liberty well. It is clear to Alex that there is no distinction between the oppressive government and the deception of F. Alexanders faction. Once Alex has regained his free will, he is released back into society and attempts to go back to his old ways. The beginning of part three mirrors part one however, Alex is starting to change.Alex seems less interested in senseless violence, and since his free will has returned, he starts dreaming and won dering what it was like changing and what was going to happen to me. Alex is beginning to realize that he has choices to make in his life. After meeting Pete who has matured Alex has a revelation, he imagines himself as a husband and father and realizes I was like growing up. Alex is attracted by love and parenthood, not by sin. He uses his moral choice to choose to righteous path and finally answers the question with thats what its going to be, brothers.Alex willfully chooses to change his ways he decides to be productive, and chooses love over sin. He realizes that what he did in the past was wrong, as well as the immorality of his ways. It is through free moral choice that Alex arrives at this conclusion, not through a government technique forcing him to make the right decision. As part of the process of maturity, Alex would have in all likelihood selected this path naturally. However, the interference of the government and F. Alexanders interference with Alexs moral choice ulti mately drove him to attempt suicide to escape the evil ways they chose for reform.Moral choice can lead to violence, but without the risks, there would be nothing for humanity to choose. The government and F. Alexanders faction control Alexs free will to justify their own political agenda. They control his ability to choose without realizing that interfering with humanitys ability to exercise free will is evil. Both the government and F. Alexanders faction claim to be the good guys when they are the true faces of pure evil. One has to remember that evil is a master of disguise. It often hides behind the mask of the hero.

Indian Beer Industry – Oligopoly

Economies of scale The increase inefficiency of productionas the number of goodsbeing produced increases. government policies restrictions on advertising leading to surrogate ADVT. , polic ies which make it difficult for expansion of companies. Access to distribution channels cost of distribution in this industry call for to be looked at logically. If firms in this industry carries significant costs from distribution which are then reflected in their sets to customers, the customers will choose the competition.Suppliers product differentiation/ break COSTS OF BUYERS the development of new products that may create a new demand or create repeat customers is always a key supremacy when in a competition. Exit barriers Typical barriers to forget include highly specialized assets, which may be difficult to sell or relocate, huge exit costs, such as asset write-offs and closure costs, and inter-related businesses, making it infeasible to sell a part of it. Another common barrier to e xit is loss of customer goodwill. Buyers switching costs n order to remain emulous, companies in this sector must make their products readily available and accessible to their customers or they will go with the competition. Advertising when everyones advertising in the industry is d same, its easy for companies to get lost in the mix. However by staying on top wid elicit and new ways to promote a product, people remember that product better. Importance of a specific product to a customer An imp competitive advantage that ensures that customers will be less likely to switch to another company for a similar product. BUYERS USE OF MULTIPLE SOURCES urchasers regarding the selection of suppliers (sources), e. g. the use of a single or two or more (multiple) sources. Considers the justification of either method in the context of reducing the uncertainty (risk) of a particular purchase. Illustrates the marketers take in of sourcing and the differing sales tactics employed according to t he suppliers preferences. Concludes that purchasers should examine uncertainty buying-selling situations (UBSS) objectively with regard to their own organizations need criteria, e. g. cost and timeliness, this determining the relevant sourcing policy.Demand and run curve demand for beer increases at all prices 1. Initially in equilibrium with P1 and Q1. 2. A non-price determinant of demand (availability of complement goods) has changed the demand curve shifts out from D0 to D1 At the initial price level there is excess demand with quantity demanded rising above the quantity suppliers are willing to supply at price P1 (? 2. 50) 3. The market price responds to excess demand by increasing. This causes demand to contract again (movement back up the demand curve), but also supply to put out (movement down the supply curve) 4.The new equilibrium is reached where supply and demand are equal at the higher price P2 (? 3) and Q2 (50 bottles) One of the reasons for higher sales of beer in So uth-India is the hot and humid climate for around 10 months. Due to this people consume beer all throughout the year increasing the volumes. As the figures suggest, thehot states contribute most(prenominal) to the revenues generated from the beer sales. (See Exhibit 15) . Hence we conclude that the overall market in India is highly diverse and for each region different strategy needs to be employed.

Leadership Styles in Professional Nursing Essay

According to Hood (as cited in Agnes, 2005) Leadership is defined as a process of influencing others or guiding or directing others to make water mutu completelyy agreed upon goals (p. 457). This paper will describe four different leadership panaches, and the effectiveness of each modality as dependent upon the situation. Review of the professional person Nursing Literature All nurses are leaders but may not recognize the different character references of leadership or traits of an effective leader (Sims, 2009). there are four leadership styles to consider, the first iodine is autocratic or authoritarian.The autocratic leader is someone who usually needs to dominate others. The autocratic speak to is often one-sided and the leader is managely attempting to achieve a single goal or objective (Sims, 2009). Autocratic leadership is a behavior in which a leader makes choices with no involvement from any peers, regardless if those ideas are better suited for the organization. Th is type of leader requires constant pressure and direction to stick around the task done. This type of leader provides clear expectations for what, when, and how a process should be done without consulting employees.Organizations that have this type of leader tend to see a senior high turn-over of employees and absenteeism for the simple fact that employees dont feel valued. This approach would not be the way to get the best performance from the team. The implementation of this style of leadership could be used in a situation where an immediate decision needs to be made such as a crisis in an urgency room. The second leadership style is participatory or participative. This style is one that encourages employees to be a part of the decision making process.This type of leader keeps employees apprised about everything that affects the work being done, and shares in the problem solving situation. A drawback of this type of leader is that the leader could be viewed as not being ada pted to make a decision therefore, the employees may not respect this style and view this leader as not being a true leader. The democratic leader uses the team approach and is the coach in the process, but has the final say when the group comes to a consensus.Implementation of a democratic leadership style can best be executed in a situation where a process or practice change is needed, such as financial support on electronic medical records. With this leadership style the leader can get staff ideas and suggestions for a smooth transition to the change. This not only increases military control satisfaction by involving team members, but it also helps to develop peoples skills. This method inspires a group effort, but it can take very much of time for the leader to develop and come to an end to the topic at hand (Sims, 2009). The leader may spend a lot of time in discussions, sending emails, or scheduling meetings.This leader may be happy to do this to see that staff are working unitedly to achieve a better outcome, but it can also be a time-consuming process. A good democratic leader encourages staff participation, is supportive, but never loses portion that the leader is the one responsible for the final decision. This leader moldiness accept that the outcome may turn out differently than originally planned. Transactional leadership is the ternion style, and is one where the leader focuses on the day to day tasks of the team, and makes sure that the work is terminate.Transactional leadership is really a type of management, not a true leader style, because the focus is on short-term tasks. Transactional leaders set a goal, provide directions, and then reward the employee if performance is met at an acceptable level (McGuire & Kennerly, 2006). Transactional leadership style can best be used when a state survey is taking place and if successful, then reward will be given to the employees. These leaders use this style to get the desired outcomes. Transact ional leaders give tasks to be done by the employee, and if its done wrong then the employee is accountable.If the task is completed to this leaders standard, then the employee is rewarded. This type of leader doesnt focus on the staffs needs, or personal development, instead the staff must adhere to what the leader wants. Transactional leaders often work under the assumption that if everything is working fine, then there is no need to fix anything. Under this type of leader, there is no interest in change, and the employee will not feel any job satisfaction. The fourth leadership style is the transformational leader.This style of leadership is one thats very appropriate in many corporate situations because of the wide range of abilities and approaches that are drawn upon. This style focuses on the leader and the employee working together for a common goal. This type of leader has a vision for the organization, and inspires employees to solve problems creatively in a way that provid es support and encouragement without diminishing the nurse role (Kleinman, 2004). Transformational leaders have several traits that inspire the employee to utilize the strengths to improve the team, have better staff satisfaction, and reduce stress (Weberg, 2010).Transformational leaders are coaches, or mentors they show respect, have empathy, and utilize individual leader skills to promote change. These leaders are very energetic and passionate about the job, and concerned about all staff in succeeding. These leaders set good examples, clear goals, and recognizes good work from the team. Transformational leaders should remain a part of the team and share in the work load to better understand the teams viewpoint. With this leader style, there is a higher level of committed employees, reduced stress, and increased team spirit (Dunham & Klafehn, 1990).This in turn creates an employee who will provide a positive outlook when change is taking place and increases employee job satisfact ion. Application of Clinical Example A clinical example of when transformational leader style would work best is when an organization is going through a change process, such as the way newspaper publisher is given. Transformational leaders motivate staff to work towards a greater good and create a positive change (Dunham & Klafehn, 1990). Many nurses dont like change in the way care is provided, but when its important for patient safety change is inevitable.

Civil Rights of African Americans Essay

IntroThis essay leave show how these both hot seats tackled the problem of Civil in effect(p)s of African Americans and it will demonstrate the extent of improvements and what re importanted the same. When one compares the extent of improvements which these two presidents make, the immediate re make oution would be one praise towards President Kennedy be compositors case of his ultimate death while one would demonise President Johnson cause of Vietnam. This essay will show how little Kennedy actu alto threadhery accomplished as president but how much Johnson and the genteel rights movement arrive atd give thanksTo be able to compare and objectively see the extent to which these two presidents improved civil rights for African Americans, we must first ascertain what their goals were and if they accomplished them or not establish the extent of what they did with president each of the surrounding circumstances.In the early 1960S, the drive for voting rights became a central part of the major southern-based civil rights organizations strategy the confederationern Christian leaders Conference (SCLC), headed by Martin Luther faggot Jr., and the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), led by Bob Moses, John Lewis and James Forman.Argument for KennedyWhat did Kennedy do to advance the cause of civil rights?1) He gift pressure on federal regimen organisations to employ more African Americans. Any who were employed were usually in the worst paid posts and in jobs that had little prospect of professional progress. The FBI only employed 48 African Americans out of a total of 13,649 and these 48 were nearly all chauffeurs. Kennedy did more than any president before him to have more African Americans appointed to federal government posts. In total, he appointed 40 to ranking(prenominal) federal positions including five as federal judges2) Kennedy appointed his brother (Robert) as Attorney General which put him at the head of the Justice Department. T heir simulated military operation was to use the law courts as a way of enforcing already overwhelmed civil rights legislation. The Justice Department brought 57 law suits against local officials for obstructing African Americans who wished to register their right to vote. Local officials from Louisiana were threatened with prison for contempt when they disdaind to hand over money to newly desegregated schools. Such a threat prompted others in Atlanta, Memphis and New siege of Orleans to hand over finance without too many problems few if any were willing to experience the American penal system which had a policy of punishment then as opposed to reforming prisoners.3) Kennedy was genuinely good at what would appear to be small gestures. In American football, the uppercase Redskins were the last of the big teams to refuse to sign African Americans. Their stadium was federally funded and Kennedy ordered that they were no longer allowed to use the stadium and would have to find a new one. The team very quickly signed up African American players.4) Kennedy created the CEEO (Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity). Its job was to ensure that all people employed with the federal government had equal employment opportunities it also required all those firms that had contracts with the federal government to do the same if they were to win further federal contracts.5) The 1963 March on Washington was initially opposed by Kennedy as he believed that any march during his presidency would indicate that the leaders of the civil rights campaign were critical of his stance on civil rights. Kennedy also felt that the march could antagonise recounting when it was in the process of discussing his civil rights bill. A march might have been viewed by Congress as external pressure world put on them. Kennedy eventually endorsed the march when it was agreed that the federal government could have an input into it. Malcolm X criticised Kings decision to allow this as he bel ieved that Kennedy was attempting to take over and orchestrate the march. Malcolm X was to nick-name the march The Farce on Washington.Argument against Kennedy1) Kennedy had to abuse a very fine line in the South. His popularity by September 1963 showed that his support had dropped to 44% in the South. It had been 60% in March 1963. At this time, the South was a traditional stronghold of the Democrats.Was Kennedy a keen civil rights man?2) In the immediate aftermath of his death, only praise was heaped on the murdered president. To do otherwise would have been considered highly unpatriotic. However, in recent years there has been a re-evaluation of Kennedy and what he did in his presidency. For a man who claimed that poor housing could be ended with the signing of the presidents name, Kennedy did cryptograph. His Department of Urban Affairs bill was rejected by Congress and eventually only a tripping housing act was passed which applied only to future federal housing projects.3) The CEEO was only concerned with those already employed (though it did encourage firms to employ African Americans) and it did nothing to actively get employment opportunities for African Americans. The CEEO was concerned with those in employment within the federal government not the unemployed.4) Kennedy was also aware that southern Democrats were even powerful in the party and their wishes could not be totally ignored if the party was not to be split apart or if Kennedy was not to get the partys nomination for the 1964 election. However, there is no doubt that the violence that occurred in the South during his presidency horrified and angered him.Argument for LBJ1) Lyndon Baines Johnson has been credited with being one of the most important figures in the civil rights movement. Johnson does have some distracters who believe that he was merely an unprincipled politician whoused the civil rights abridge when he realised the worth of the Black Vote. However Johnson himself claimed to be an idealist who dreamed of making America a Great Society. It was Johnson who put the presidential signature to the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act.ConclusionI recon that, it doesnt actually matter if Kennedy was a genuine supporter of civil rights or not, as long as he was doing something to improve it. People tend to forget all other pressures that were on Kennedy at the same time as the civil rights crisis, such as the Cuban crisis which potentially threatened world cessation. From my point of view that would become subsequently much more important than civil rights. However I do understand and take into account the view that civil rights was a serious problem, which definitely had to be addressed, especially when the united states were claiming that they were the perpetrators of peace and liberty. Considering JFKs premature death, the general world situation, (Vietnam, Cuban Missile Crisis) I think that the extent of JFKs civil rights achievements we re limited.While President Johnson was able to achieve remarkably a lot, especially when faced with the Vietnam War. One can argue that LBJs achievements, such as the passing of the civil rights bill is all thanks to JFKs death that he only promoted civil rights to boost his campaign to get to the top the only reason he pursued the voting rights act was because faced with the Vietnam war, he had to boost moral at home. All this is partly true and has an effect that on what he was doing and had done but it wasnt the main policy that he was following. LBJ had done what no other President before had ever, could ever or will ever achieve. He single handed managed to pass legislation trough congress that would change every single African Americans life for ever, but not only he also managed to keep at bay the feared white backlash, and the black power movement, considering that it could have escalated, and caused much greater damage. Over all the extent of legislation, appointments and g estures that President Lindon Johnson did was at a far greater depth and extent that any had done for the civil rights movement in the US.

Master1 Essay

Psycholinguistics merges the fields of psychology and linguistics to mull how people process style and how language use is related to underlying mental processes. Studies of childrens language acquisition and of second-language acquisition atomic number 18 psycholinguistic in nature. Psycholinguists work to arise models for how language is processed and understood, using evidence from studies of what happens when these processes go awry.They also occupy language disorders such as aphasia impairment of the ability to se or comprehend account books and dyslexia impairment of the ability to make out written language. It is the carry of interrelationship of psychological and linguistic behaviour. Its most important area of investigation has been language acquisition. It has raised and has partly answered questions such as how do children acquire their overprotect tongue? How do they grow up linguistically and learn to handle the registral and stylistic varieties of their bugge r off tongue effectively?How much of the linguistic system that they razetually command, are they born with and how much do they iscover on the basis of their exposure to that system? John D. Carroll states that this branch uses Some aspects of psychology and some aspects of linguistics. It is confined to the weigh of how people use a language system and how they learnt it By language acquisition is meant the process whereby children achieve a fluent control of their native tongue.By 1950, people thought that children imitated their elders and got language but now various theories have been presented. Some argue that it is the environmental impact and product of our experience and others discuss the nnateness of language or Empiricist (Behaviorists) and Rationalists (Mentalists). The theoretical questions have focused on the issue of how we can account for the phenomenon of language development in children at all. Normal children have get the hang most of the structures of their language by the age of five or six.The earlier behaviorist assumptions were that it was possible to explain language development largely in basis of imitation and reinforcement. Psycholinguistics therefore argue that imitation is non enough it is not merely by mechanical repetition that children acquire language. They also acquire it by natural exposure. Both nature and nurture influence the acquisition of language in children. Both schools of thought have said significant things but neither is perfect.Language Acquisition is a process of analogy and application, nature and nurture. Experience and innateness. Imitation is there but the child forms his own grammar of rules. Children learn first not items but systems. In other words, what is being claimed is that the childs brain contains certain innate characteristics which pre-structure it in the direction of language encyclopedism. To enable these innate features to develop into adult competence, the child must be exposed to hu man language, i. e. it must be stimulated in proper to respond but the basis. David Crystal asserts On which it develops its linguistic abilities is not describable in behaviourist terms Psycholinguistics nas researched and exposed that there is a critical period in first language acquisition. If the child, in the first thirteen years, is not exposed to language, he loses his critical period and then he can never master a language even his native tongue. Genie and Chelsea ho lost their critical period, are the examples in this proof.If he is exposed to language in his childhood, he goes certain stages to learn his mother tongue. The development of a childs language starts from babbling merely saying /b/, p/ and / m/ and so forth and then he goes on to word level. His One-Word Stage is between the ages of 12 months, children are able to produce one word utterances. And the child can use one word to mean the total thing as dada to mean I see daddy or daddy is coming etc. or Juice to means prove me Juice etc. In Two-Word Stage such as baby chair eaning the baby is sitting in the chair or babys chair etc.Hit Doggie meaning I hit the doggy etc. In Telegraphic Stage, children begin to produce longer and multiplex sentences such are chair broken, Car make noise, I good boy, man ride bus today etc. Language development from age 2 is quick and fast. The telegraphic stage is a very important period which is characterized by the emergence of powerful grammatical devices. In short, Psycholinguistics deals with relationship between language and forefront focusing mainly on how language is learnt, stored and occasionally lost.Mind and language have two functions Acquisition and Performance and the two are linked. For empiricists, language learning is the result of conditioned behavior while Chomsky maintains that every human being has an innate capacity to learn his language. Language behavior is a very complex phenomenon. Language behavior is subject to different soci al and psychological factors. There is strong evidence to prove that language learning is a biologically controlled process. Psycholinguistics seeks to study all these issues and more.

Impact of Managers and Leaders in Organizations on the Motivation of Employees Essay

Any shaping is al federal agencys started with an elaborated tar pull back to fulfill based on system of rules and strategies to be applied in the performance of achieving those goals. Actu onlyy the objective, performance and the methodology in which the administration is set up and run, defines its kind and capability in comparison to other organizations. Organization consists of rungs that argon categorized beting on the duty performed and the responsibilities that are bestowed upon them.In effectuate to make success an organized system is essential which allow involve a specified hierarchy which clearly positions each and every individual in relation to the capacity and the type of responsibilities. Under this arrangement focal point and leadershiphip are considered to be the key factors in accomplishing the targets. Management comprises duties that full covers directly or indirectly the whole structure of the organization. It combines aspects like controlling all the operations of the company inclusive of planning events, strategic steps to be followed and even the needed concepts that improves the organization.Management is also involved in the overall organization of the available resources that are associated with the whole operation. Management determines the kind of employees working in an organization which is brought rough by the coordination and leadership that is developed towards the employees. All the functions of management are carried out by the managers in the organization. Leadership and management are related terminologies and they are inseparable in the sense that managers also play the role of leadership. A leader focuses for the around part on the directives to be followed by the employers in the effectiveness of their duties.This is mostly done in an interactive method and understanding the factors that affect or hinder the fulfillments. Both managers and leaders play an important role in need their employees. Despite the fact that the employees whitethorn clearly understand their responsibilities and duties in the organization, fully desirable outcomes may be affected by lack of demand. According to (Geary, D. C. (2005)) motivation is a key factor in influencing someone to desire to put up extra sudor to improve the work and achieve more than than expected.Through the coordination of mind motivation also promotes the inward generation of testament power which instead has a considerable physical contri unlession to human body. Depending on the type of organization leaders and managers may apply disaccordent methods in motivating the employees. any(prenominal) of the ways used by managers in motivation are like organizing functions which include honoring and rewarding specific employees following their best performance. This is a park method but it enhances the spirit of supreme competition amongst the employees.Satisfaction is another means applied by managers to motivate employees. A s atisfied employee will flip more will to work. Career and talents recognition which is mostly applied by leaders to appreciate their employees plays a part in motivating them. Leaders on the other hand recommend the promotion of hard working employees to the management which also motivates the employees. Some managers have introduced a systematic salary increase which may be annual or after a specified period. This does not necessary depend on the profit made by the company but on the period spent by the employee working in the company.Bonuses and commissions on the other hand are sometimes measured against the benefits realized by the organization within a specified duration. These are among factors of motivating the employees. Following the performance and the leadership portrayed by the leader which is mostly done through wind examples, employees aroma motivated and the admiration of copying the good examples of their leaders is enhanced. In an attempt to elaborate motivation and the effects, several theories have been put forward. In this opus few theories have been borrowed to expand further the contribution of motivation.According to (Kahneman and Miller (1986)) Our human behavior will be more or less be influenced by the attitudes towards certain subjects, determinations and the capacity of attaining a specified responsibility will highly depend on the feeling of the inward drive. This is clearly elaborated in the attitude-behavior consistency theory. Leaders attempt to learn the attitude of their employee through the interaction and knowing their behaviors in which they often know or decide on the way to motivate them. They also have the responsibility in influencing their employees attitude may be towards the organizations strategies.Consistency theory of motivation attempts to elaborate that individuals mostly achieve their motives through distinguished coordination of the willingness and the capability to perform. Employees will always feel moti vated under the circumstances in which leaders and managers create a conducive surround for them to integrate their capability led by the will to perform these responsibilities. According to (Milgram, S. , 1983) a considerable situation of the capability of the employee is essential to be applied by the managers in order to clearly understand and develop the right methods in motivating the employees.According to (Adams, J. Stacey, 1965), another theory of motivation is the equity theory. This theory dwells mostly as the appreciation done to the employees through the rewards. Considerations are always important in the determination of the employees who may be rewarded according to their contribution. Its common that rewards differ according to the quantified duties well done by the individual employee or a group. Satisfaction of the employees is always determined by the reward attained as deserved. De-motivation is apt(predicate) to occur if the distribution of rewards does not matc h with the effort applied in the achievements.Expectancy theory clearly defines a reason which contributes to the motivation of employees. According to (Deci, E. L. & Ryan, R. M. , 1991) every on the reliance on the previous experience in the organization or through the organization procedure, the employee will add a lot of effort in relation to the reward expected. In other words employees may improve greatly on their duties under the influence of the targeted reward which they expect to get after achieving their goals. Similar to expectations of the management towards achievements of the organizational goals, employees expects the full support from the management.This tail be brought about by the keen consideration of the responsibility of the employees as previously discussed employees will aim at fulfilling their duties following the attention from the management and leaders who have the responsibility of giving correct directives. motivated employees will therefore feel to be fairly treated after being rewarded from their effort according to how much they achieved. This will therefore combine and relate equity theory and presentiment theory of motivation as discussed.Following the fact that success is among the most important goal in an organization, it is important for managers and leaders to subject their efforts in order to achieve it. In order to attain success they have to depend on their employees. In other words the performance of the employees will therefore depend on the management and leadership in the organization. One of the impacts of motivation to employees is the increase in productivity. Right motivation from the managers and leaders will cause the employees to be more active and potential which will be implemented in their duties.Motivation from the managers to their employees has also been associated with the expansion and the growth of the organization. move employees will always do a quality job which can have a distinguished diffe rence when compared with the competitors. In such a situation the intended or the targeted client will focus more on that specific organization and in return the growth of the organization will be realized. Positively motivated employee will be more innovative and they will be able to contribute to the teamwork in an organization therefore minimizing the unexpected pull back which may be brought about by the lack of cooperation.Creativity will also be enhanced and this will contribute a lot in coming up with the revolutionary ideas. Sustainability of employees has been a difficult and a challenge to many organizations. This is brought about by the fact that employees need satisfaction while undertaking their duties. Managers in collaboration with leaders successfully overcome the challenges of employee sustainability through positive motivation to their employees and they eventually find that they critically reduce the level of day to day recruitment of new staff to replace the on es who have resigned.This will also improve the work that is done due to the experience gained by the employees they can comfortably and undoubtedly implement it. Motivated employees become devoted to their duties and responsibility in the organization thereby reducing the errors and careless mistakes which would reduce the credibility of the organization. Though its a complex dress if the managers maximize on motivating their employees they will also in return contribute directly or indirectly to simplifying the managers duties of planning, controlling and organize the organization which is contrary to de-motivated employees.The leaders on the other hand will have more room to improve their initiatives and efficiency. Irrespective of the type and the size of the organization, motivation to the employees stands to be a key factor in the achievement of goals. Considering example of institutes like universities, learning centers, production centers and others, It is through the aspec t of motivation to the employees that their abilities attitudes and their interest can be utilized which will in return promote the organization name both locally and internationally.In most parts of the world most organization has reportedly realized their goals through the hard work and coordination attributed to the employees. Following this good and improved performance there has always been a system of motivating the employees through the integrative and collaborative methods put forward by the managers and leaders. According to the chairman and chief executive officer of Coca-Cola Company Mr. Neville Isdell, the company has realized positive performance and success due to good and favorable conditions which of cause have been brought about by the cooperation of the employees and commitment.This can otherwise be affected if the employees are de-motivated hence this is a good example of the impact of managers and leaders on the motivation of their employee. Conclusion In every o rganization, the concept of motivation by the managers and leaders to their employees has accounted to horrifying success to many organizations through the increased productivity of the organization, expansion and growth of the organization, satisfied and lively employees, minimization of errors and accidents and so on.It has been noted also that there are several methods and ways in which the employees are motivated. It is therefore the responsibility of the leaders and mangers to fully involve themselves in practical consideration of the performance of their employees and the necessary improvements required. Motivation is a more complex exercise but the devotional strategies that may be applied by the leaders and managers are essential to achieve the positive outcomes.

‘Of Mice and Men’ By John Steinbeck Essay

Its standardized my week curiositys never change, its like a daily r byine being alone and c obsolescent with no one to talk to. Books, both I put up is books, I read so oft my head hurts sometimes. Line after line, headache after headache, in a way pyxie already used to it. Its a Saturday night and each the men fork over gone to the whore house in town or should I say Suzys place. I wonder sometimes why I cant go but its always the same because Im black. why would anyone motivation to dance with a black man? Why would anyone want to sleep with a black a man? Why would anyone want to drink with a black man? Im just so alone.I actually got a bit of company straight off from a guy called Lennie. Lennie is a huge man, shapeless face, with large pale eyes, with wide sloping shoulders and he walked heavily, dragging his feet a little, the way a permit drags his paws. He came in while I was rubbing ointment on my back. At first I felt angry and that my rights were being invaded. I told him that he wasnt allowed in but me being a black man and him being snow-clad it was like he had power over me so I let him in. A big guy like him and a crooked man like me I could have never stopped him. The only race that have entered my room are the boss and slim and when they have entered I have been helpless to stop them.Well, Lennie came in and I incured to question him on his alliance that he had with George which realty intrigues me. I was jus talking and he was just laughing at me because he didnt down the stairsstand what I was talking about. I asked him what he would do if George never came back, what if George dies what would he do, but Lennie was adamant that George would be safe and that he was careful. He started to approach me and I felt so scared and petite that I leaned back into my corner, I told Lennie that George would be alright and that he was safe. I didnt expect Lennies response to be so aggressive. It jus shows how close Lennie and George are. I didnt really want to upset him but I did, I just wanted him to feel how lonely my living is. I have no one to confide in and I only have my judgment to rely on. I explained to him that I jus kept all my feelings and my worries inside and that I start to feel sick because I have no one to express my emotions to. Lennie is so dumb to understand it felt like I was talking to myself for at least 10 minutes.I told him about my child hood with the company of my brother when we used to live on a farm and that my father didnt like us paying with white children and that we had each other so we should play to worryher. I didnt think about what friends I had when I was young but now I realize why my father told us not to play with them.I was circulateing him this because I wanted him to know what life was like for a black man but obviously it was like I was talking to myself again.After I had told him all of this I felt like I had made a friend and that all the stress I had kept in had go ne out of my system. I didnt feel so lonely after all but I had a gut feeling that by the time Lennie had gone I would be back to my old ways again. Lonely, depressed and in need of a friend. At that particular moment I felt really good about myself.About 10 minutes later Candy came in looking for Lennie. He looked really uncomfortable about coming into my room. I know that me and candy have been on the ranch for a long time but he has never come into my room. When he came in him and Lennie were talking about getting their own effect of land which Lennie had been talking about in the first place. While candy was talking I was starring a him thinking about how isolated I am compared to everyone else who have lived in one room but with the company of each other.I joined in with their conversation about getting their own land, they were very convinced that they would get it but I thought different, I told them about all the other ranchers that have wanted the same social occasion b ut have never as far as a step to getting their own land. Even when they heard the stories of other ranchers they were be quiet adamant that they would get it. I still disagreed with them, but when Candy told me how close and hard they have worked to get this land I gave up and asked if I could join them. I didnt really have much future on the ranch so the thought of being free was very tempting.We were all very excited and then Curleys married woman came in as usual looking for her husband Curley. We all looked at her scornfully and didnt take any notice of her when she spoke. She asked again if we had seen Curley and Candy told her to get out because she wasnt wanted and that her husband wasnt here. I kept myself quiet because she didnt get a line to Candy and she surely wasnt going to listen to me. For a while it felt like we had united together to stop her from coming in, but she was still at the door peering in. Then I assay to get her to go forth but she came back with a v engeance saying that I should keep my mouth shut and that she could get me strung on a tree so easily. It was like she tore through my defence. Candy tried to defend me but there was no stopping her. We had to face it that we were powerless to stop her. Candy then told her that all the men were back from town and then she went in a flash.I felt so small that I crawled back into my corner again because I knew that what Curleys wife was saying was true. There was no point in fighting back, thats one thing I dislike about Curleys wife is that she is always putting people down.By the time she had left George came back. I was staring scornfully at Candy and Lennie even though Candy had tried to defend me I had lost every bit of friendliness towards them. George looked at me like he could tell something had gone on. After a couple of minutes of awkward silence they were leaving, while they were going a told them I didnt want to join them on their farm and George looked confused then they left. I went back to rubbing ointment on my back.I changed my mind about the farm because it just seemed odd for tercet white men to share a house with one black man. They could turn on me jus like Curleys wife did and I didnt want to take any chances, suppose they chucked my out where would I go I couldnt get a job anywhere else because there is so much unemployment in California. There isnt a lot of banks and I would be left without money for food, clothes and rent like the millions of other people in California. I had heard of farmers losing their land and the banks dispossessed their families and were left homeless. If a get left on the street I would be picked up and taken away and beaten or taken to a refugee camp. I would hate to be taken to a refugee camp because I dont want to end up lining up in a big queue waiting for food.I like the ranch because I have my own room, I have lots of possessions and my room is neat and tidy, although it is next to the manure heap. I dont l ike the ranch because I get left out and cant join in with all the other games the ranchers play. I dont have any regrets in life because before I got kicked in the back by the horse I tried to live my like to the fullest and the best way I could.Now they have all gone, I have time to reflect on what has happened tonight and my life. I have time to think about what Im going to do tomorrow. I can read a few books if I please without being disturbed.If I had the power, I would make everyone have equal rights, all the white and black people not to fight and make them get along together. I would want everyone to have their own piece of land and that they could work under their own rules. Everyone to be happy and live life to the fullest, I would like there to be a rule that any black man could go into a whore house and have a drink any time he wants and not worry about getting criticized because of the colour of their fight and last of all I will make violence an offence and that anyon e that engages in violence will be sent to prison.

Black Panthers Party Essay

The Ameri arouse dream can just be a simple dream to many Americans particularly for the whites who are employed in some refutable companies. But this is not the case for the African-American. The American dream was simply to own a house and a little plot of land and a clean and descent place to live. guileless as it may sound but the great majority of the African Americans were excluded from that dream. During the period in which Frederick Douglas lived, the tick of the blacks were dehumanizing (Hubbard, 2007, p.86) and Douglas himself experienced this dehumanizing condition as slave in the American S bulge outh from his birth in 1818 to his move from the North in 1838 . Up to the first 1900s men such as Riis and Du Bois signify upon the rising loving consciousness of whites and blacks in America as they focused on the dispossessed classes of American (Hubbard, p. 90). From these, it appears that the main story of American dream during this period was not simply to own a house and a dowry of land but it also include the genial conditions between the blacks and whites.It means of the dehumanizing conditions of the black because of the social discriminations. some(prenominal) Douglas and Du Bois fought for the abolition of bondage. According to Joseph M. Flora, Lucinda Hardwick Mackethan, and Todd W. Taylor (2002) separated that in his 1845 narrative that every tone was a testimony against slavery (p. 19). The main themes of the American dream have to do with integration of the black American into the society with out discrimination for their being colored people, and the lore of the blacks as fellow human being in ground of social and economic factors.In fact, this was the very agenda of notable black leaders such as Du Bois, and Douglas. The pumas movement in the 1960s was also aimed at drawing globe attention as to the social and economic condition of the black community. Charles Earl Jones (1998) noted, In the heart of Black communities with Bl ack Panthers society (BPP) affiliates, Panthers implemented numerous survival programs that fed, clothed, and provided medical services to community residents (p. 1).However, the Panther was viewed by the authorities as outlawed paramilitary organisation force organization. Has the dream become more accessible since the time of those writers? Obviously not during their time The existence of the Panther in the 1960s up to the eighties was a clear indication that the American dream of the early writers such as Douglas and Du Bois was never attained. As a matter of fact, the resurgence of the Black Panther Party ideology provides a forum for progressive politics in the Oakland Bay Area (Jones, p.2). The rekindling of the interest in the BPP implied the condition of the blacks to remains socially and economically depressed. But it should be noted that condition have change considerably, since then as more and more blacks are becoming socially visible and actively convey in societys prominent activities. What has happened since the time of writing to create the current state of the anesthetize for this groups or individuals?There have been many developments that had taken place since the time of those black intellectuals that created the current state of the issue for this group. Notable was the founding of the BPP which was a radical political party that was supposed to attract public attention to promote awareness about the condition of the black community. However, the party became outlawed and was relegated to radical paramilitary organization. Another important development was the change in social atmosphere for the black community as they can now actively engage in social and political activity.Black Individuals like Barack Obama, Oprah Winprey and known sports personalities such Kobi Bryant, Michael Jordan and other black basketball players and those in other sports indicate that blacks finally gaining acceptance and recognition thereby achieving Amer ican dream. Reference Flora, M. J. MacKethan L. H. & Taylor, T. (2002) The Companion to Southern Literature USA LSU Press Hubbard, D. (2007) The Souls of Black folk USA University of Missouri Press Jones, C. (1998) The Black Panther Party (reconsidered) Reflections and Scholarship. USA Black Classic Press.

Hallstead Case Essay

1.)The break raze point in number of gross revenue has move up along with the breakeven point in sales dollars from 2003 to 2006. The margin of safety has decreased as well. Every yr they concur to increase the number of sales tickets then the previous year to meet their breakeven point. After 2004 when amplification of the store begun, Hallsteads fixed cost have grown each year. The decrease from 2004 to 2006 is far less(prenominal) substantial than from 2003 to 2004. This damage is cause by the stores expansion. It is renting a much larger space dash off the street from its previous location.This has incurred much lager expenses each year then in than prior to 2004. 2.)Yes, the bon tons income would increase. The new breakeven point in sales dollars would be approximately $6.03 million. 3.)Eliminating sales equip would have a huge effect on the breakeven volume. If they follow through with Gretchens idea of eliminating sales commission their expenses would decrease a great d eal each year. They would non have to make nearly as many sales to breakeven. Although this could have an adverse effect on the sales volume.Employees will not be nearly as aggressive in making sales because it will not affect their individualized income. Employees could act disapprovingly towards this new measure, affecting the bottom line negatively in the long run. 4.)If Hallstead added an additive $200,000 to advertising each year they would have to increase the sales volume considerably, thats if they decide not to do away with sales commission.5.)Average sales would have to increase over $24 to break even if fixed costs remained the same. 6.)I would recommend that Hallstead Jewelers listen to the consultant that suggested price reduction to increase sales. I entrust this would be a smart move because with the new store they have room for more sales then the previous location so upping sales numbers is an in-chief(postnominal) step. If reducing sales doesnt help improve th e bottom line, I would then suggest that they eliminate sales commission. Although this as been an important part of business, eliminating sales commission would greatly decrease their yearly expense. I think adding advertising by and by their recent move is extremely important. Although it is a $200,000 expense, it could increase sales significantly. These are my suggestions for Hallstead Jewelers

Political context of The Great Gatsby

America during mid-twenties enjoyed a consummate historical extremity so called the frugal Boom. Consequently, more and more people became wealthy. This resulted in dramatic changes in American social structure as there was a huge addition in the middle classes. Peoples obsession over their wealth had no limits. There was a big idiom on individualism as the Republicans enjoyed widespread support due to their achievements. Perhaps this explains the attitude of the characters in the neat Gatsby.Gatsbys desire for wealth and individualism was certainly boosted by his feelings towards Daisy. Daisy Buchannan who had a high rank in American society even before she got married, could not belong to Gatsbys world and their relationship in the light of this period of American history was seen as irrational. The gaps in American social structure were undoubtedly large, however Republicans mood of individualism allowed an access to higher rank in society. Characters traits such as deter mination, adroitness and hard-work were heavily respect in US during that time. This explains Gatsbys struggle in achieving respected status and wealth. Perhaps, from a political point of view, Gatsby therefore could be seen as a model of a successful American during the Economic Boom.America a great social and economic experiment, noble in motive and far-reaching in purpose.Herbert Hoover (1874 1964) Republican death chair of USAFurthermore, the Americans position during the 1920s made them think that they are infallible. Certainly, this resulted in racism and over fast(a) attitude. For example, Tom says that Civilisations going to pieces referring to The Rise of Colored Empires and defines Americans as the dominant race (chapter I). This boundless confidence spread into opposite countries and the term of an American Dream (that is a dream of a total achievement of wealth) became more and more popular.Ironically, Americas Economic Boom was a direct consequence of the Firs t World War when they isolated themselves and achieved a great bear on of widespread wealth at the cost of the other suffering countries. In fact, the Economic Boom was mostly a result of a well-developed trade of military supplies with countries involved in war.Similarly, The Valley of Ashes (a fantastic rise where ashes grow like wheat Chapter II) can be seen as the symbol of Americans abusing of the lower social classes as the wealthy businessmen dump their ashes on the land belonging to lower ranks. Perhaps in this sense, Fitzgerald hints at his contempt of a Republican idea and despises the order in USA during that time.Therefore the ill-thought through American idea of desire for money descended from the Economic Boom in 1920s. Having said this, we are not surprised when Gatsby describes Daisys translator as full of money. Wealth and competitiveness was considered as the norm because in early 20th coke America such values had been seen as essential to twist a politically correct American. To become politically correct one tended, or maybe preferred, to become blind to human suffering. It is best set forth by Nick that Tom and Daisy smashed up creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness. Indeed, in this way, Tom and Daisy have managed to brutally achieve their American Dream.

The Shawshank Redemption

Adrian Sanchez Intro to Film 1 Sharri Hefner 4/20/13 Shawshank salvation The Shawshank Redemption is a drama film released in 1994 written and directed by Frank Darabont. The overall theme of The Shawshank Redemption is the burden of isolation and im prison housement. Each of the inmates inside Shawshank Prison is locked up metaphorically as well as literally. Most prisoners in Shawshank carmineemption are there for life sentences. All that time behind the walls withstand changed the way the prisoners think and how they live.The young prisoners incessantly say they are innocent when they are truly guilty. provided Red, (played by Morgan Freeman) admits that he is guilty after spending 40 years in jail. The time he had to think about what he did is what led him to confess the truth. This is just one example of what all those years of isolation does to a person. The formal elements, camera, and the narrative is what I allow use to prove the theme. The overall aim and feel of the film is dark until the ending. The mise-en-scene of shawshank prison is unsportsman wish well and shady.The design and characters athletic supporter decide the mise-en-scene as an unjust and shady prison system. The design of shawshank looks like an old school dark sort of tower as you can see when andy first arrives to the prison. The costume is spot on in this movie. The officers uniforms look very scare as the prisoners uniforms look very dirty and plain. The warden is also dressed nice throughout the movie eer in a suit. They use this to differentiate the high class and the lower class. The higher class is always controlling the lower class and accessing their dominance.They instill fear in their prisoners by abusing them and beating them which is very unfair. days of being in that sort of environment can cause some prisoners to go crazy. Imagine handout through that and witnessing that type of abuse every day of your life? Its going to have a big effect on your brai n mentally. This type of abuse makes a prisoner feel trapped and stock-still more isolated. Also the camera helps dictate the nip of isolation and captivity. The camera is key to the theme. The camera shots and angles help make the viewer see how it feels to be isolated and trapped.One of my favorite shots of the movie is when andy is walking inside shawshank prison and they use a cut transition into a subjective shot where andy is looking up and sightedness the tall building as hes walking inside the prison. That scene lets me know that he is already feeling trapped and he had just got there. They also use lighting to help inforce isolation and imprisonment. When Red is in his jail cell and as soon as the lights go out the lighting immediately changes and they do a close up shot to reds face and his emotion seems frightened and scared.Also when Andy gets cornered by collar hombres for the first time the lighting helps build shadow to make andy feel trapped. The narrative also helps shape the theme. The narrative as a whole helps dictate the theme. The characters throughout the movie feel trapped. There are different levels of isolation within the prison from the large, enclosed recreation yard to the smaller work crews overthrow to the cellblock, cells, and, finally, solitary confinement.The prison then becomes a multilayered serviceman that they have to live and deal with for the rest of their lifes. The miserable thing is they cannot do vigour about it. When Bogs gets locked up in solitary confinement for a calendar week the officers opened the door and said Times up bogs then he put on a fake grin and said its your world boss. This is the warden and the officers world and the prisoners are trapped in it with nothing they can do about it. They are in for so colossal that they get used to the prison system and this cruel world.But they forget about the life outside the bars. When brooks finds out he will be on parol he loses it. He almost kills h is friend just to stay in jail. He wants to stay in jail because outside of the walls he is nothing but inside the prison he is actually somebody. The montage of brooks when he gets out of jail is extremely sad. It depicts the negative effect on being imprisoned for a long time. When he gets out he is lost in the world. He feels even more alone then he ever was in shawshank.Being in prison for that long has negative effects on the brain. When you get used to one way of living you feel like thats the only way to live but when you step out in the real world you are just confused and dont know how to react to the environment. Sadly he attached suicide at the end of the montage. Also red told andy in the last scene that they were in prison together ive been in here for most of my life. Im an institutionalized man now In here im the guy that can get things for you. Outside all you need is the yellow pages. He is saying that he is so used to the prison that he would never survive in the real world. This futher proves my theme that isolation and imprisonment is a burden. You feel trapped both physically and mentally when youre in jail for that long. Andy and red were the only ones to break through the physical and mental hurdle that many prisoners couldnt. Others would have just habituated up. But andy and red had other intentions. They wanted freedom so bad they would do anything to get it. And so they did. Now thats The Shawshank Redemption.

Some Theories of Personality Essay

recordIntroduction There ar a number of mortalalities that people display in life in accordance with different life situations that they encounter or are living in. The most common character that a veritable(prenominal) person is likely to display today that has been described by Sigmund Freud is that of ego. This is so because in the most part of our lives, we rely on unconscious part of mind (George, 2010). This part is the source mankind of what can be afforded, how and when. It controls our relishs on the basis of what we really should have at a particular sequence and if we can non afford it at that time, the ego informs a person to postpone it for an sepa localise day. We are occasionally cause to negate or repel becoming cognizant of some drives and thus, they in most cases manifest in a hidden form but the ego makes these drives real(George, 2010). Although human beings need to have things that they think are of importance to them, this part of mind makes them aware of what they can afford or what they cannot afford. It is the ego that helps the typical person to relate things that he or she wants to the reality (Sow & Chan, 2010). It thus leads a person into looking for objects that can receive what he or she is in need of but because of the inability to acquire them, they compensate with some other source of satisfaction. Relating to the world today, people are outgo millions of money in search for self-realization through with(predicate) programs that are offered by several firms. These programs help them become enlightened and they quickly turn their lives around. To this end, these people timbre that if they elucidate themselves, they will be able to live a happy life. They thus are instinctive to spend whatever the money they deem necessary to enroll in the programs that will help them realize themselves. Most of these individuals are wealthy or somewhat able of sustaining themselves if not wealthy but, they do not realize felicit y in their wealth or ability. The only way they can get this happiness is through spending their money not on buying expensive possessions but by spending that money to seek for self-satisfaction (George, 2010). Similarly, depending on the level of needs, most people are driven by a desire to accumulate wealth in their life. As they perceive, being wealthy instrument being happy because, they can afford to buy all that they desire with their wealth. Therefore, they would do anything within their power to fill their desire. Sometimes, the justified means of acquiring wealth that have been dictated by the society may not favor such individuals. They are, therefore, driven by their desires to create other means to achieve their goals. These other means may be lawful for example, through investing or starting a business or may be unlawful for example, the selling of drugs, corruption, stealing, and forceful amassing among other illegal means (Sow& Chan, 2010). Unfortunately, when one desire is achieved, the body keeps on yearning for more. Such individuals form a disease out of a drug abuse in the process of satisfying their motivations (Weiten et al, 2011). They thus identify by the means in which they achieve their desires and this suppresses their detection on the existing societal laws. If the activity that they achieve their desires through is unlawful, they think of it as lawful and usual. subsequently on, after such individuals accumulate more wealth, they realize that the wealth is not enough to make them happy. At this point, they invest in programs that are geared towards achieving self-realization (Weiten et al, 2011). Such a personality affects a typical persons behavior in several ways. First, he or she learns to balance between the hearty desires and the actual world expectations (Sow and Chan, 2010). When one is dominated by lusty desires, he or she is able to beg off those desires through the use of ego personality. If the person allows the lusty desires personality to dominate, he or she goes against the societal norms or the stipulated laws. To this end, such a person is said to be a criminal. Secondly, when an individual is driven by the desire to become wealthy through amassing of wealth either through conformity to stipulated laws or negating the laws, they are sullen into wealth making machines whose role is to make wealth. This has contributed to failure in social structures such as the family because of the micro time these individuals have to concentrate on building social relationships. No wonder the high rate of broken marriages and families. This has left the little children without the most basic contributors to their personality at early age viz. father and mother. Deficiency in personality development on children keeps on adding to the miseries of the world today (George, 2010). by dint of engagement in illegal means of satisfying an individuals desire, the rate of crimes in the democracy keeps on r ising. It becomes difficult for the individual to do what is mature because the part of personality that is responsible for informing is numbed from recognizing the right from the wrong. This is dangerous because the individual would do anything to maintain his source of wealth. No wonder there are many a(prenominal) assassinations in places subjugated by illegal business such as the drug vending cartels (Sow& Chan, 2010).ReferencesGeorge,B. (2006). record Theories. Found online at htttp//www.social-psychology.de/do/pt_freud.pdfSow, Gaik and Chan, Wai. (2010). Personality Development. Found online at http//elearning.ibc.ac.th/sites/default/files/personality%20development_0.pdfWeiten, W.,Dunn, D. & Hammer, E.Y. (2011). Psychology employ to Modern Life Adjustment in the 21st Century Tenth Edition. Belmont, CA Wadsworth-Cengage.Source chronicle

Web analytics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Web analytics - Case Study ExamplePhoto blow is an online based digital film and e-card sale website with about eleven million personars crossways the globe. The continued use of the Internet inspired moving-picture show recess to use analytics to get more clients across the globe. Photo box analytics strategy was to understand the clients dead well. Data from clients was obtained through surveys, live chats, online community posts and focus groups. The data obtained was use to segment the customers into different segments depending on their location, behavior and tastes and preferences. Photo Box divided its clients into six different segments depending on these parameters. The various segments had varying tastes and demographics. either the customer data in each of the segments were profiled in a hobby to understand them even correct and provide products and go according to their tastes and preferences. The data were then used to foreshadow future demand of the products and services from the customers. Analytics also helped photo box to make better decisions when doing their marketing in the different market segments pencil lead to relatively higher conversion rates (Glagowski, 2010). OutcomeAt the aforementioned(prenominal) time, the company was trying to make it easy for the 350 module to manage and profile the eleven million clients across the globe. Implementation of the analytics strategy at photo box had significant outcomes. The company could do better trenchant and specific marketing to clients depending on their profiles and tastes and preferences.... The continued use of the Internet inspired photo box to use analytics to get more clients across the globe. Photo box analytics strategy was to understand the clients perfectly well. Data from clients was obtained through surveys, live chats, online community posts and focus groups. The data obtained was used to segment the customers into different segments depending on their location, b ehavior and tastes and preferences. Photo Box divided its clients into six different segments depending on these parameters. The various segments had varying tastes and demographics. All the customer data in each of the segments were profiled in a quest to understand them even better and provide products and services according to their tastes and preferences. The data were then used to predict future demand of the products and services from the customers. Analytics also helped photo box to make better decisions when doing their marketing in the different market segments leading to relatively higher conversion rates (Glagowski, 2010). Outcome At the same time, the company was trying to make it easy for the 350 staff to manage and profile the eleven million clients across the globe. Implementation of the analytics strategy at photo box had significant outcomes. The company could do better intelligent and specific marketing to clients depending on their profiles and tastes and preferen ces. Within a short time, the company had been able to get 16% new clients from the marketing. There was a 14% increase in sales of photo box products and services. e-mail open rate to clients sent increased to 33% while the website click rate increased to 35%.

The Wolseley Restaurant Business Plan Case Study

The Wolseley Restaurant Business Plan - Case Study ExampleThe Wolseley provides accessible and low-priced foods to customers with the best quality, delicious coffee-based products and also entertainment opportunities to the hundreds of people in the area and the visitors of the hotels which are in a five-mile radius distance of the eating place. The Wolseley has established itself as one of the best choices of London residents and also for the tourists and the people cities who make love from nearby cities. The Wolseley restaurant provides a complete and best-quality afternoon experience for people looking for something that will belong popular among London diners in a short time. The caf has simple intent. It provides a completely pleasurable, fleshly, yet workaday coffeehouse and/or eating experience for many people in London and the people from other(a) cities or tourists.Customer services The customers spend their money to enjoy a good time. They would have a bad experience if the services are not of the highest quality. Each of the staffs at Wolseley is supposed to be gracious, effective, and thoughtful.Marketing dodging The Wolseley targets its audience in many effective ways. The location of the restaurant is in an accessible area of the city but many customers will need to be familiar with the products and services offered at the Wolseley restaurant/caf. focussing techniques The Wolseley has a firm appreciation on food, drinks, and labor costs. The eating/amusement/coffee-house experience for customers is delivered to them in a state that will not only inspire them to visit the restaurant again but encourages marketing techniques such as word-of-mouth which is accomplished by recommendations of the products and services to other customers. In the Wolseley, a right-hand(a) list of products, management of the staff and workers, and controlling the quality of products is a key issue. The Wolseley is a caf, a restaurant and a coffeehouse altogeth er that provides fair-priced and delicious foods to the customers. In the coffee-house, customers can offer coffee and espresso-based drinks, shaved-ices, fruit flavored and/or juiced drinks, and other drinks that can be typically offered by a coffee shop.

Copyright, intellectual property and innovation Essay

Copyright, intellectual property and innovation - Essay ExampleIt can be difficult for a developer to prove a new piece of computer software package program is theirs, especially when an unscrupulous competitor starts claiming they made it, and claiming big amounts of money from the developer. Property rights are a complete nightmare for the diminished company or nondescript person who simply wants to develop software for its own sake and wishing to make a small profit while doing so. Copyright is one area of harborion that should be straightforward, but it is non. Patenting software seems a good idea, but this can be difficult, time consuming and expensive. Intellectual property rights means software has to be proven to be unique, which is not always possible at the start of a come out where such thinking may not even occur. For as the project begins, from the moment the first principle is written and an idea aired, there is the danger of theft. For the public who want to use the software, there are problems not of their making in all the property rights, such as serious time delays in get something up to date and useful for them.Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) have only been in existence since 1967, and software has only been recognised as needing protection since the late 1970s, before that it was not considered very important and was unremarkably supplied by the company who built the hardware as a complete entity. Once it was realised that software could be a separate product with its own market value, and then it started to become important to protect it.Later the type of thing that could be protected was argued over by software companies unclear as to what was in the common domain and what was completely theirs. A few years ago there was a massive argument between Apple computers and Microsoft over the use of the Trash Can in their various(prenominal) operating systems. Apple claiming their right to it as their invention and Microsoft sayi ng it was something in the public domain, needed by any operating system. The argument went